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Related Concept Videos

Maximum Power Transfer01:16

Maximum Power Transfer

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Numerous practical applications within engineering disciplines, such as telecommunications, necessitate optimizing power delivery to a connected load. This pursuit, however, entails inherent internal losses, which can either equal or exceed the power supplied to the load. The Thevenin equivalent circuit is helpful in finding the maximum power a linear circuit can deliver to a load. It is assumed in this context that the load resistance can be adjusted.
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Transmission Line Design Considerations01:23

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Aluminum has become the material of choice for overhead transmission lines, surpassing copper due to its abundance and cost-effectiveness. The most prevalent type is the aluminum conductor, steel-reinforced (ACSR), which combines aluminum strands around a steel core. Other variants include all-aluminum conductors (AAC), all-aluminum alloy conductors (AAAC), aluminum conductor alloy-reinforced (ACAR), and aluminum-clad steel conductors. Advanced designs, such as aluminum conductors with steel...
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Directional relays, essential for managing unidirectional fault currents, enhance the safety and efficiency of power systems. On power lines equipped with directional relays, faults downstream (to the right) of the current transformer typically cause the fault current to lag the bus voltage by approximately 90 degrees, known as the forward direction. In contrast, upstream (left-side) faults may result in the fault current leading the bus voltage by nearly 90 degrees, termed the reverse...
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Network Function of a Circuit

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Frequency response analysis in electrical circuits provides vital insights into a circuit's behavior as the frequency of the input signal changes. The transfer function, a mathematical tool, is instrumental in understanding this behavior. It defines the relationship between phasor output and input and comes in four types: voltage gain, current gain, transfer impedance, and transfer admittance. The critical components of the transfer function are the poles and zeros.
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Design Example01:23

Design Example

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The innovation of touch-tone telephony revolutionized the telecommunications industry by replacing the traditional rotary dial with a dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signaling system. This system uses a matrix-style keypad with buttons arranged in four rows and three columns, creating 12 distinct signals each assigned to a pair of frequencies. Each button press results in a simultaneous generation of two sinusoidal tones – one from a low-frequency group (697 to 941 Hz) and one from a...
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Pilot and Numeric Relaying01:21

Pilot and Numeric Relaying

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Pilot relaying is a type of differential protection used in power systems. It compares electrical quantities at the terminals of equipment via a communication channel instead of direct relay interconnection. This method is essential for transmission lines where the terminals are far apart, typically up to 80 km for lines with 69 to 115 kV ratings. Four types of communication channels are used for pilot relaying:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2025

Automated Deployment of an Internet Protocol Telephony Service on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Using Network Functions Virtualization
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A Hybrid Handover Scheme for Vehicular VLC/RF Communication Networks.

Linqiong Jia1, Shicheng Feng1, Yijin Zhang1

  • 1The School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 13, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a hybrid handover scheme for vehicular visible light communication (VLC) and radio frequency (RF) networks. The proposed solution optimizes vehicle communication quality of service (QoS) by intelligently managing handovers between VLC and RF networks.

Keywords:
Markov decision process (MDP)horizontal handovervalue iteration algorithmvehicular VLC/RF communication networksvertical handover scheme

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Area of Science:

  • Intelligent Transportation Systems
  • Wireless Communication Networks
  • Optical Wireless Communication

Background:

  • Vehicular communication networks require high Quality of Service (QoS).
  • Visible Light Communication (VLC) using LED streetlights offers a complementary solution to Radio Frequency (RF) networks.
  • Existing handover schemes may not optimally balance QoS and costs in dynamic vehicular environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a hybrid handover scheme for vehicular VLC/RF communication networks.
  • To balance QoS requirements and handover costs by considering both vertical and horizontal handovers.
  • To optimize handover decisions based on the vehicle's mobile state.

Main Methods:

  • Formulation of a Markov Decision Process (MDP) to model the hybrid handover problem.
  • Development of a cost function that balances handover consumption, delay, and reliability.
  • Application of a value iteration algorithm to determine the optimal handover policy.

Main Results:

  • The proposed hybrid handover scheme effectively balances QoS and handover costs.
  • Simulation results show superior performance compared to existing benchmark schemes.
  • The scheme demonstrates adaptability to the vehicle's mobile state for optimized handovers.

Conclusions:

  • The hybrid handover scheme is a viable solution for enhancing vehicular communication networks.
  • Intelligent handover management is crucial for achieving high QoS in mixed VLC/RF environments.
  • The MDP-based approach provides an effective framework for optimizing handover decisions.