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¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied...

$X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples$ 01:10

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Mass Spectrum: Interpretation

Mass Spectrum: Interpretation

An unknown compound can be established by identifying the molecular ion peak in the mass spectrum. The molecular ion peak is often weak or absent due to the predominance of fragmentation in high-energy electron beams. In such cases, a soft-energy electron beam can be used to scan the spectrum to enhance the intensity of the molecular ion peak. Additionally, chemical ionization, field ionization, and desorption ionization spectra are used to obtain a relatively intense molecular ion peak.To...

Mass Analyzers: Overview

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Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Tandem Mass Spectrometry

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Building Up a High-throughput Screening Platform to Assess the Heterogeneity of HER2 Gene Amplification in Breast Cancers

Building Up a High-throughput Screening Platform to Assess the Heterogeneity of HER2 Gene Amplification in Breast Cancers

Published on: December 5, 2017

Deconstructing Intratumoral Heterogeneity through Multiomic and Multiscale Analysis of Serial Sections.

Patrick G Schupp^1,2, Samuel J Shelton¹, Daniel J Brody¹

¹Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.

|July 13, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding tumor evolution is key to fighting cancer resistance. Our new MOMA method precisely maps cancer cell clones and their traits, improving treatment strategies.

Keywords:

IDH1 clonal evolution gene coexpression intratumoral heterogeneity low-grade glioma multiomic single-nucleus analysis tumor microenvironment

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Last Updated: May 2, 2026

Building Up a High-throughput Screening Platform to Assess the Heterogeneity of HER2 Gene Amplification in Breast Cancers

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Published on: December 5, 2017

Comparative Lesions Analysis Through a Targeted Sequencing Approach

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Published on: November 5, 2019

Visualization, Quantification, and Mapping of Immune Cell Populations in the Tumor Microenvironment

Visualization, Quantification, and Mapping of Immune Cell Populations in the Tumor Microenvironment

Published on: March 25, 2020

Area of Science:

Oncology
Genomics
Computational Biology

Background:

Intratumoral heterogeneity fuels acquired resistance to cancer therapies.
Understanding the evolutionary history and molecular features of distinct malignant clones is crucial for improving patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a statistically motivated strategy for deconstructing intratumoral heterogeneity.
To reconstruct and validate phylogenies, spatial distributions, and transcriptional profiles of distinct malignant clones in IDH-mutant astrocytomas.

Main Methods:

Multiomic and multiscale analysis of serial tumor sections (MOMA).
Integrative analysis of single-nucleotide variants, copy-number variants, and gene expression.
Genotyping nuclei from single-nucleus RNA-seq for truncal mutations.

Main Results:

Reconstructed and validated phylogenies and spatial distributions of distinct malignant clones.
Identified inaccuracies in common algorithms for identifying cancer cells from single-cell transcriptomes.
Discovered a core set of genes, including AKR1C3, consistently expressed by astrocytoma truncal clones, with AKR1C3 associated with poor outcomes.

Conclusions:

MOMA offers a robust and flexible strategy for precisely deconstructing intratumoral heterogeneity.
Clarifying molecular properties of distinct cellular populations aids in developing more effective cancer therapies.