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Related Concept Videos

Structural Joints: Fibrous Joints01:03

Structural Joints: Fibrous Joints

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Fibrous joints are a type of joint where the bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue. These joints provide stability and minimal to no movement between the articulating bones. There are three types of fibrous joints.
Suture
All the bones of the skull, except for the mandible, are joined to each other by a fibrous joint called a suture. The fibrous connective tissue found at a suture strongly unites the adjacent skull bones and thus helps to protect the brain and form the face. In...
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The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

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The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
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Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

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The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
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The Hyoid Bone01:12

The Hyoid Bone

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The hyoid bone is a small U-shaped bone located in the upper neck at the level of the inferior mandible, with its tips pointing posteriorly. It does not directly articulate with any other bone in the body. The hyoid acts as the attachment site for the tongue, the larynx, and the pharynx. It is held in position by a series of small muscles attached from above or below. These muscles help to move the hyoid up/down or forward/back in coordination with movements of the tongue, larynx, and pharynx...
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Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
2.2K
Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2025

Robust Ligature-Induced Model of Murine Periodontitis for the Evaluation of Oral Neutrophils
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Mandibular Ligament and the Prejowl Sulcus Explained.

Benjamin Talei, Hedyeh Ziai

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    |July 13, 2024
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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Fat grafting effectively corrects jowling by addressing subdermal tissue atrophy, offering better results and fewer risks than mandibular ligament release alone. This approach is recommended for facial rejuvenation.

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    Area of Science:

    • Plastic Surgery
    • Anatomy
    • Facial Rejuvenation

    Background:

    • The precise relationship between jowls and the mandibular ligament, and the causes of jowling, are not well-defined.
    • Variations in descriptions of the mandibular ligament and prejowl sulcus lead to inconsistent management strategies.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To clarify the anatomy of the prejowl sulcus and mandibular ligament.
    • To review management techniques for jowls and prejowl sulcus in facial rejuvenation.
    • To compare the efficacy of mandibular ligament release versus fat grafting for jowl correction.

    Main Methods:

    • Retrospective blinded review of 50 patients undergoing facelift.
    • Comparison of patients who had mandibular ligament release with those who had fat grafting of the prejowl sulcus.
    • Photographic assessment by blinded surgeons using a 1-4 graded scale for jowling and sulcus depth/color.
    • Literature review on mandibular ligament anatomy and jowl treatment.

    Main Results:

    • Fat grafting with minimal or no ligament release showed greater jowl correction than ligament release without fat grafting (P = .046).
    • Fewer adverse sequelae were observed in the group with less dissection around the mandibular ligament.
    • Findings suggest prejowl sulcus appearance is due to subdermal tissue atrophy, not ligamentous contracture.

    Conclusions:

    • Volumetric replenishment with fat grafting is a direct solution for jowl correction, offering universal improvements with reduced risk.
    • Fat grafting should be considered as a primary treatment for jowls, with subdermal release as an optional adjunct.
    • Understanding subdermal tissue atrophy is key to effective jowl management in facial rejuvenation.