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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Endothelins (ETs) are potent vasoactive peptides critical in the human body's various physiological and pathological processes. One of the most promising therapeutic strategies for treating pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) involves counteracting the effects of these endothelins using a class of drugs known as endothelin receptor antagonists.
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Updated: Jun 21, 2025

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Pituitary Complications of Checkpoint Inhibitor Use.

Natalia Chamorro-Pareja1, Alexander T Faje1, Karen K Miller1

  • 1Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.

Endocrinology
|July 13, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors can cause rare pituitary complications. This review covers the epidemiology, presentation, diagnosis, and management of these endocrine immune-related adverse events.

Keywords:
central adrenal insufficiencycentral hypothyroidismhypogonadismhypophysitishypopituitarismimmune checkpoint inhibitors

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed cancer treatment.
  • Endocrine immune-related adverse events (irAEs), particularly pituitary complications, are increasingly recognized with ICI use.
  • Autoimmune hypophysitis is a notable pituitary complication associated with ICIs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive mini-review of pituitary complications arising from ICI therapy.
  • To consolidate current knowledge on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of these events.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing data.
  • Focus on autoimmune hypophysitis as a key pituitary complication.
  • Analysis of clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria, and therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

  • ICI-induced hypophysitis, though historically rare, is now more frequently diagnosed.
  • Understanding the pathophysiology is crucial for recognizing diverse clinical presentations.
  • Early diagnosis and appropriate management are key to favorable outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Pituitary complications are a significant concern in patients receiving ICIs.
  • A multidisciplinary approach is essential for managing ICI-related hypophysitis.
  • Further research is needed to optimize long-term management strategies for endocrine irAEs.