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Rapidly varying flow (RVF) in open channels is characterized by abrupt changes in flow depth over a short distance, with the rate of depth change relative to distance often approaching unity. These flows are inherently complex due to their transient and multi-dimensional nature, making exact analysis difficult. However, approximate solutions using simplified models provide valuable insights into their behavior.Key Features of Rapidly Varying FlowRVF is commonly observed in scenarios involving...
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Design Example: Creating a Hydraulic Model of a Dam Spillway01:21

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A hydraulic jump is a sudden rise in fluid depth in open channels, occurring when high-velocity (supercritical) flow transitions to low-velocity (subcritical) flow. This phenomenon requires an upstream Froude number greater than 1, as flows with Fr1<1 remain subcritical, making a hydraulic jump impossible due to the need for negative head loss, which violates thermodynamic principles.The characteristics of a hydraulic jump depend on the upstream Froude number and are classified as...
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Fluid mechanics model studies often utilize scaled-down systems to predict fluid behavior in full-scale environments, such as river flows, dam spillways, and structures interacting with open surfaces. Maintaining Froude number similarity in river models is crucial, as it replicates surface flow features like wave patterns and velocities.
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Gradually Varying Flow01:29

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Gradually varying flow (GVF) in open channels describes situations where water depth changes slowly along the channel due to factors like non-uniform bed slope, channel shape variations, or obstructions. This flow type occurs when the depth adjusts gradually to balance gravitational forces, shear forces, and energy requirements, resulting in a low rate of depth change.Characteristics of Gradually Varying FlowGVF is commonly observed in natural streams, rivers, and canals, where flow depth...
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Design Example: Analyzing Capacity Contours for Flood Risk Assessment01:17

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Updated: Jun 21, 2025

Watershed Planning within a Quantitative Scenario Analysis Framework
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Exploring historical changes in mountain river hydrodynamics induced by human impact.

Hanna Hajdukiewicz1, Maciej Hajdukiewicz2, Virginia Ruiz-Villanueva3

  • 1Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, al. Mickiewicza 33, 31-120 Kraków, Poland.

The Science of the Total Environment
|July 14, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Human impacts on European mountain rivers altered channel morphology, affecting flood dynamics. Hydraulic modeling of the Czarny Dunajec River reveals increased flow intensity and reduced flood extent due to channel incision between 1964-1983.

Keywords:
Channel incisionExtracted DEMHuman impactHydraulic modellingRiver hydrodynamic

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Area of Science:

  • River geomorphology
  • Hydraulic engineering
  • Environmental science

Background:

  • 20th-century European mountain rivers experienced significant human impacts, altering channel morphology.
  • The effects of these morphological changes on river hydrodynamics and flood response remain poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the relationship between flood hydraulic parameters and human-induced channel incision.
  • To reconstruct past river hydrodynamics and understand river functioning under intensified human impacts.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized hydraulic modeling with Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) derived from archival aerial photos (1964, 1983) and Airborne Laser Scanning (2012).
  • Modeled water depth, flow velocity, bed shear stress, sediment critical diameter, and flooded area extent for various flood scenarios (2- to 50-year floods).

Main Results:

  • Significant increases in water depth, flow velocity, and bed shear stress observed between 1964 and 1983, particularly for larger floods.
  • Reduced flood extent and increased mean grain size of channel sediment occurred during the same period.
  • Flow velocity on the floodplain did not increase for major floods due to riparian forest expansion; changes were less pronounced between 1983-2012.

Conclusions:

  • Reconstructing past river hydrodynamics provides crucial insights into river and floodplain function during periods of intense human impact.
  • Channel incision led to altered flood dynamics, including reduced inundation and coarser sediment transport.