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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
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Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

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Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
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Interrelationship between thyroid hormones and reduced renal function, a review article.

Sadaf Agahi1, Atieh Amouzegar1, Mohammadjavad Honarvar1

  • 1Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 19395-4763, Tehran, I. R. of Iran.

Thyroid Research
|July 14, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid hormones impact chronic kidney disease (CKD) risk. Higher TSH and lower T3 levels link to CKD, while subclinical and overt hypothyroidism increase incidence. Hyperthyroidism may also pose a risk.

Keywords:
Chronic kidney diseaseFree thyroxineFree triiodothyronineGlomerular filtration rateThyroid hormonesThyroid stimulating hormone

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Nephrology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Thyroid dysfunction and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are prevalent conditions.
  • Understanding their relationship is crucial for patient management.
  • Existing evidence links thyroid hormones to kidney disease, but associations within the normal range remain debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review the interplay between thyroid hormones, thyroid dysfunction, and CKD.
  • To clarify the association between thyroid hormone levels and CKD incidence.
  • To synthesize current evidence on the topic.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search conducted on Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science.
  • Keywords included relevant medical subject headings (MeSH) and terms related to thyroid hormones and CKD.
  • Data collection and analysis up to December 2023.

Main Results:

  • Higher serum TSH and lower serum free T3 levels are consistently associated with CKD development.
  • The association between free T4 levels and CKD is less clear and more controversial.
  • Subclinical and overt hypothyroidism demonstrate a considerable association with incident CKD.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid hormone levels, particularly TSH and T3, play a role in CKD pathogenesis.
  • Hypothyroidism (subclinical and overt) is linked to an increased risk of developing CKD.
  • Hyperthyroidism and Hashimoto thyroiditis may also contribute to CKD risk.