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Related Concept Videos

Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

Antigen Processing Pathways

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MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...
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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...
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Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

Antigen Presenting Cells

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The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

563
Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
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Lineage Commitment01:21

Lineage Commitment

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Commitment is the  process whereby stem cells:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2025

Identification Of Erythromyeloid Progenitors And Their Progeny In The Mouse Embryo By Flow Cytometry
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Identification Of Erythromyeloid Progenitors And Their Progeny In The Mouse Embryo By Flow Cytometry

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Human erythroid progenitors express antigen presentation machinery.

Rebecca L Clements, Elizabeth A Kennedy, David Song

    Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
    |July 15, 2024
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Fetal erythroid progenitors act as immune mediators by presenting antigens and influencing T cell development, crucial for maternal-fetal tolerance. This reveals a novel role for red blood cells in early immune system development.

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    Identification and Analysis of Mouse Erythroid Progenitors using the CD71/TER119 Flow-cytometric Assay
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    Directed Differentiation of Primitive and Definitive Hematopoietic Progenitors from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
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    Directed Differentiation of Primitive and Definitive Hematopoietic Progenitors from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

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    Area of Science:

    • Immunology
    • Developmental Biology
    • Hematology

    Background:

    • Early-life immune exposures shape lifelong health, but fetal immune development mechanisms are not fully understood.
    • Erythrocytes are not traditionally viewed as immune cells due to organelle loss during maturation.
    • Fetal and neonatal circulation includes erythroid progenitors and precursors with potential immunomodulatory roles.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the immunobiological functions of fetal and perinatal erythroid progenitors and precursors.
    • To elucidate the mechanisms by which these cells contribute to fetal immune development and host defense.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing data from human fetal and neonatal samples.
    • Investigation of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class II expression and antigen processing capabilities.
    • Assessment of costimulatory molecules, immunoregulatory cytokines, and interactions with T cells.

    Main Results:

    • Transcriptomic data indicate erythroid progenitors function as immune mediators.
    • Human erythroid progenitors express MHC class II antigen processing machinery and internalize/cleave foreign proteins.
    • These progenitors exhibit atypical costimulatory molecules and cytokines that promote regulatory T cell development, essential for maternal-fetal tolerance.

    Conclusions:

    • Fetal erythroid progenitors possess antigen-presenting capabilities, challenging traditional views of erythrocytes.
    • These cells play a significant role in orchestrating fetal immunity and establishing maternal-fetal tolerance.
    • Erythroid progenitors are key players in fetal immune development and host defense mechanisms.