Retinal bipolar cells borrow excitability from electrically coupled inhibitory interneurons to amplify excitatory...

Bipolar cells of the retina carry visual information from photoreceptors in the outer retina to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the inner retina. Bipolar cells express L-type voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channels at the synaptic terminal, but generally lack other types of channels capable of regenerative activity. As a result, the flow of information from outer to inner retina along bipolar cell processes is generally passive in nature, with no opportunity for signal boost or amplification along the way. Here we report the surprising discovery that blocking voltage-gated Na⁺ channels profoundly reduces the synaptic output of one class of bipolar cell, the type 6 ON bipolar cell (CBC6), despite the fact that the CBC6 itself does not express voltage-gated Na⁺ channels. Instead, CBC6 borrows voltage-gated Na⁺ channels from its neighbor, the inhibitory AII amacrine cell, with whom it is connected via an electrical synapse. Thus, an inhibitory neuron aids in amplification of an excitatory signal as it moves through the retina, ensuring that small changes in the membrane potential of bipolar cells are reliably passed onto downstream RGCs.