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Related Concept Videos

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
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The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
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Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Targeting apoptotic pathways for cancer therapy.

Xiaobing Tian1,2,3,4, Praveen R Srinivasan1,2,3,4, Vida Tajiknia1,2,3,4

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The Journal of Clinical Investigation
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Targeting programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is key in cancer therapy. This review covers new anticancer drugs that induce apoptosis by targeting BCL-2, TRAIL, DR5, p53, and the integrated stress response (ISR).

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Real Time Detection of In Vitro Tumor Cell Apoptosis Induced by CD8+ T Cells to Study Immune Suppressive Functions of Tumor-infiltrating Myeloid Cells
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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Apoptosis, a form of programmed cell death, is crucial for cancer treatment.
  • Dysregulation of apoptosis is a hallmark of cancer, driving tumor growth and therapy resistance.
  • Apoptosis pathways intersect with critical signaling networks like p53 and the integrated stress response (ISR).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review promising anticancer therapies that induce apoptosis.
  • To discuss novel drug targets, mechanisms of action, and resistance strategies.
  • To highlight agents targeting BCL-2, TRAIL, DR5, p53, and ISR pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of preclinical and clinical studies.
  • Analysis of therapeutic strategies targeting cell death pathways.
  • Examination of drug resistance mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Several therapeutic strategies are in development, including BCL-2 inhibitors, TRAIL analogues, and DR5 antibodies.
  • Targeting p53 and ISR pathways offers new avenues for cancer treatment.
  • Understanding resistance mechanisms is vital for optimizing therapy efficacy.

Conclusions:

  • Targeting apoptosis and related pathways represents a significant frontier in oncology.
  • Developing novel agents against BCL-2, TRAIL, DR5, p53, and ISR holds therapeutic promise.
  • Further research into drug mechanisms and resistance is essential for advancing cancer care.