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Updated: Jun 21, 2025

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Cognitive Dysfunction in Non-CNS Metastatic Cancer: Comparing Brain Metastasis, Non-CNS Metastasis, and Healthy

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Cancer Investigation
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Summary

People with metastatic brain cancer (BM) experience significant cognitive decline compared to those with non-central nervous system metastatic cancer (NCM). BM patients showed widespread impairments, while NCM patients had deficits in specific cognitive functions.

Keywords:
Cognitionbrain metastasiscancermetastasesneuropsychology

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Oncology
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Cognitive deficits are common in cancer patients.
  • Limited research compares cognitive function between metastatic brain cancer (BM) and non-central nervous system metastatic cancer (NCM) patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare cognitive performance in patients with BM versus NCM.
  • To identify specific cognitive domains affected by different cancer metastasis locations.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective, cross-sectional study design.
  • Inclusion of 37 healthy controls (HC), 40 NCM patients, and 61 BM patients.
  • Administration of 10 standardized neuropsychological tests.

Main Results:

  • NCM patients performed below HC on processing speed and executive functioning.
  • BM patients exhibited lower performance across most neuropsychological tests compared to HC and NCM.
  • Processing speed, verbal fluency, and verbal memory significantly differentiated BM from NCM groups (BM < NCM).

Conclusions:

  • Metastatic brain cancer is associated with more severe and widespread cognitive impairment than non-central nervous system metastatic cancer.
  • Cognitive deficits in processing speed, verbal fluency, and memory are key indicators differentiating BM from NCM.
  • A higher proportion of BM patients (approx. 40%) experienced significant impairment across multiple cognitive tests compared to NCM patients (approx. 20%).