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Related Concept Videos

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

2.8K
Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
2.8K
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

3.8K
Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
3.8K
EDTA: Auxiliary Complexing Reagents01:26

EDTA: Auxiliary Complexing Reagents

575
EDTA titrations are usually carried out in highly basic conditions, where the fully deprotonated form of EDTA, Y4−, actively complexes with the free metal ions in the solution. Several metal ions precipitate as hydrous oxide (hydroxides, oxides, or oxyhydroxides) under these conditions, lowering the concentration of free metal ions in the solution. For this reason, auxiliary complexing agents or ligands such as ammonia, tartrate, citrate, or triethanolamine are used in EDTA titrations to...
575
Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling01:11

Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling

2.9K
The reaction of weakly electrophilic aryldiazonium (also called arenediazonium) salts with highly activated aromatic compounds leads to the formation of products with an —N=N— link, called an azo linkage. This reaction, presented in Figure 1, is known as diazo coupling and occurs without the loss of the nitrogen atoms of the aryldiazonium salt. Highly activated aromatic compounds such as phenols or arylamines favor the diazo coupling reaction. The coupling generally occurs at the...
2.9K
Preparation of 1° Amines: Azide Synthesis01:22

Preparation of 1° Amines: Azide Synthesis

3.9K
Direct alkylation of ammonia produces polyalkylated amines, along with a quaternary ammonium salt. To exclusively prepare primary amines, the azide synthesis method can be used.
Azide ions act as good nucleophiles and react with unhindered alkyl halides to form alkyl azides. Alkyl azides do not participate in further nucleophilic substitution reactions, thereby eliminating the chances of polyalkylated products. Alkyl azides are reduced by hydride-based reducing agents, like lithium aluminum...
3.9K
Aldehydes and Ketones with Amines: Imine Formation Mechanism01:23

Aldehydes and Ketones with Amines: Imine Formation Mechanism

5.4K
Imine formation involves the addition of carbonyl compounds to a primary amine. It begins with the generation of carbinolamine through a series of steps involving an initial nucleophilic attack and then several proton transfer reactions. The second part includes the elimination of water, as a leaving group, to give the imine.
Imines are formed under mildly acidic conditions. A pH of 4.5 is ideal for the reaction.
If the pH is low or the solution is too acidic, the reaction slows down in the...
5.4K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2025

Author Spotlight: Functionalizing Metal-Organic Frameworks: Advancements, Challenges, and the Power of Post-Synthetic Ligand Exchange
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Author Spotlight: Functionalizing Metal-Organic Frameworks: Advancements, Challenges, and the Power of Post-Synthetic Ligand Exchange

Published on: June 23, 2023

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Boosting Electrochemical Urea Synthesis via Constructing Ordered Pd-Zn Active Pair.

Weiliang Zhou1, Chao Feng1,2, Xuan Li1

  • 1College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.

Nano-Micro Letters
|July 15, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Atomically ordered palladium-zinc (PdZn) pairs boost urea electrosynthesis from nitrate and carbon dioxide. This novel catalyst design significantly enhances urea yield rates compared to disordered alloys, offering a promising pathway for efficient urea production.

Keywords:
Active pairsElectrochemical C–N couplingGeometric structuresIntermetallic compoundsUrea electrosynthesis

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Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery
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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Electrochemical co-reduction of nitrate (NO3-) and carbon dioxide (CO2) is a key strategy for urea synthesis.
  • Limited urea yield rates hinder the practical application of this method.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an advanced electrocatalyst for enhanced urea electrosynthesis.
  • To investigate the role of ordered intermetallic structures in improving catalytic performance.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of an atomically ordered intermetallic palladium-zinc (PdZn) electrocatalyst.
  • Utilizing operando measurements and theoretical calculations to study catalytic mechanisms.
  • Evaluating the electrocatalyst's performance in urea electrosynthesis.

Main Results:

  • The ordered PdZn catalyst features a high density of PdZn pairs facilitating co-adsorption and activation of NO3- and CO2.
  • The dual-site geometric structure of ordered PdZn pairs lowers the kinetic barrier for C-N coupling.
  • Achieved a maximum urea Faradaic efficiency of 62.78% and a yield rate of 1274.42 μg mg-1 h-1, 1.5-fold higher than disordered alloys.

Conclusions:

  • Atomically ordered intermetallic PdZn pairs are highly effective for boosting urea electrosynthesis.
  • The specific arrangement of dual-metal sites in ordered alloys is crucial for efficient urea production.
  • This study presents a new strategy for designing advanced electrocatalysts for urea synthesis.