Hotspots of wetland loss to impervious surfaces in the conterminous United States

In this study, a first wall-to-wall comparison between the National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) and the National Land Cover Database (NLCD) was conducted across the entire conterminous United States (CONUS) to evaluate U.S. wetland loss conditions. Annually, around 26 km² of wetlands are lost to impervious surfaces across the CONUS. Spatially, wetland loss is not evenly distributed, with 90 % of losses occurring in only 9 % of the land area, forming hotspots around expanding urban regions such as Houston, Jacksonville, and Naples. Over the past few decades, Florida experienced the highest wetland loss (5.73 km²/year) among all states, while Houston had the most wetland loss (2.54 km²/year) among all metropolitan regions. Stepwise multiple regression models identified population growth and its associated demand for new housing as the major drivers for wetland loss. Wetland loss per population increase is the highest (>15 m²/person) in most metropolitan regions around the East Coast and Gulf of Mexico. Unfortunately, current wetland loss hotspots will likely suffer further losses in future decades due to projected population growth, with Houston, Cape Coral, and Miami metropolitan regions having the greatest projected wetland loss of 89.15 km², 34.35 km², and 28.20 km², respectively. This study has identified wetland loss hotspots and their drivers across the U.S. that were not possible in previous sample-based studies. The findings are critical in wetland management and protection across the U.S.