Electrochemical biosensors in early leukemia detection

Leukemia, a type of blood cancer marked by an abnormal increase in white blood cells, poses a significant challenge to healthcare. The key to successful treatment lies in early detection. However, traditional methods often fall short. This review investigates the potential of electrochemical biosensors for a more accurate and earlier diagnosis of leukemia. Electrochemical biosensors are compact devices that transform biological interactions into electrical signals. Their small size, ease of use, and minimal sample requirements make them perfectly suited for point-of-care applications. Their remarkable sensitivity and specificity enable the detection of subtle biomolecular changes associated with leukemia, which is crucial for early disease detection. This review delves into studies that have utilized these biosensors to identify various types of leukemia. It examines the roles of electrodes, biorecognition elements, and signal transduction mechanisms. The discussion includes the integration of nanomaterials such as gold nanoparticles and nitrogen-doped graphene into biosensor design. These materials boost sensitivity, enhance signal amplification, and facilitate multi-analyte detection, thereby providing a more holistic view of the disease. Beyond technical advancements, the review underscores the practical benefits of these biosensors. Their portability makes them a promising tool for resource-constrained settings, enabling swift diagnosis in remote areas or at a patient's bedside. The potential for monitoring treatment effectiveness and detecting minimal residual disease to prevent relapse is also explored. This review emphasizes the transformative potential of electrochemical biosensors in combating leukemia. By facilitating earlier and more accurate diagnosis, these biosensors stand to revolutionize patient care and enhance treatment outcomes.