Neonatal assessment: an overview

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of assessment techniques used by physical therapists in the assessment of the neonate. An additional purpose is to provide a review of prenatal and postnatal development in the areas of muscle tone, range of motion, somatosensory skills, and reflex development. The role of the physical therapist on the neonatal team is discussed relating to the types of assessments physical therapists might use in evaluating the neonate. General considerations for assessment are provided, and specific areas including physical examination, behavioral assessment, evaluation of muscle tone, reflex assessment, oral motor evaluation, and sensory systems assessment are discussed. Physical therapy for the neonate has been considered as a specialty area of pediatrics. Physical therapists, however, are being asked to function in neonatal units in hospitals as a part of their practice in the general hospital setting. This article provides information for the inexperienced clinician who is interested in working with the neonate and for the experienced clinician.