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Related Concept Videos

Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Factors Affecting Perception01:25

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Perception is influenced by perceptual set, context, motivation, and emotion. Perceptual set, or perceptual expectancy, refers to the tendency to perceive things in a particular way, influenced by previous experiences and expectations. This phenomenon affects the interpretation of stimuli, creating a set of mental tendencies and assumptions that impact sensory perceptions of sound, taste, touch, and sight.
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Brain lateralization refers to the division of mental processes and functions between the two hemispheres of the brain, a phenomenon that optimizes neural efficiency and underpins complex abilities in humans. This specialization allows each hemisphere to perform tasks where it has a comparative advantage, facilitating more refined cognitive capabilities across different domains.
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Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language01:10

Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language

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Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
Language formation and comprehension take place in the dominant hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere is responsible for understanding the meaning of spoken, written, or sign language, as well as the ability to communicate. For most people, the left hemisphere is the dominant one. The right hemisphere, then, gives tone and emotional context to the...
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Parallel Processing01:20

Parallel Processing

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The brain processes sensory information rapidly due to parallel processing, which involves sending data across multiple neural pathways at the same time. This method allows the brain to manage various sensory qualities, such as shapes, colors, movements, and locations, all concurrently. For instance, when observing a forest landscape, the brain simultaneously processes the movement of leaves, the shapes of trees, the depth between them, and the various shades of green. This enables a quick and...
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Color Vision01:24

Color Vision

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Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
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Updated: Jun 21, 2025

Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task
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Differences in perceptual representations in multilinguals' first, second, and third language.

Donggui Chen1,2, Jingan Su3, Ruiming Wang2

  • 1School of Foreign Languages, Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, Guangzhou, China.

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
|July 16, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Multilinguals show perceptual representations only in their first language, regardless of memory stage. Later-learned languages, even with high proficiency, did not show this effect.

Keywords:
bilingualsembodied cognitionlanguage comprehensionmultilingualsperceptual representation

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Multilingualism presents unique cognitive challenges.
  • Understanding how different languages are represented perceptually is crucial for language comprehension theories.
  • Embodied cognition suggests language processing involves sensory and motor systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate differences in perceptual representations among multilingual individuals.
  • To determine if perceptual representations differ based on language proficiency and memory stage (working vs. long-term).

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments utilizing sentence-picture verification paradigms.
  • Experiment 1: Immediate verification to assess working memory.
  • Experiment 2: Delayed verification to assess long-term memory.

Main Results:

  • A match effect, indicating perceptual representation, was found in the first language (Cantonese/Mandarin) in both working and long-term memory.
  • No match effect was observed in second or third languages (Mandarin/English), irrespective of proficiency.
  • Findings suggest first language has unique perceptual representation.

Conclusions:

  • The first language is perceptually represented in multilinguals, irrespective of memory stage.
  • Perceptual representations were not found in later-learned languages, regardless of proficiency.
  • Results support theories of language comprehension and embodied cognition, highlighting the distinct nature of first language processing.