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Related Concept Videos

Dialysis01:27

Dialysis

288
Renal failure occurs when the kidneys lose their ability to filter waste products from the blood effectively. It can be classified into two types: acute renal failure (ARF) and chronic renal failure (CRF).
Acute kidney injury develops suddenly and can be caused by pre-renal causes (e.g., hypovolemia, shock), intrinsic renal causes (e.g., acute tubular necrosis), or post-renal causes (e.g., urinary obstruction). In contrast, chronic renal failure progresses gradually over time and is often...
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Nephrons01:10

Nephrons

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The kidneys are intricate organs with millions of working units known as nephrons. Each nephron features two major structures: the renal corpuscle, which facilitates blood plasma filtration, and the renal tubule, which handles the glomerular filtrate. Blood supply is directly linked to the nephrons. The renal corpuscle consists of the glomerulus, a capillary network, and the Bowman's capsule, a double-walled epithelial structure that encases the glomerulus. The filtering of blood plasma...
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Renal Failure: Dose Adjustments01:11

Renal Failure: Dose Adjustments

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In patients with renal impairment, drugs undergo significant changes in their pharmacokinetics, which require dosage adjustments to ensure safe and effective therapy.
Reduced renal clearance and elimination rate are common outcomes of renal impairment. These alterations lead to a prolonged elimination half-life and an altered apparent volume of distribution for drugs. As a result, dosage adjustments are typically necessary to maintain optimal drug levels in the body.
However, dosage adjustments...
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Renal Corpuscle01:20

Renal Corpuscle

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The glomerulus and Bowman's capsule are two essential components of the nephron, which is the functional unit of the kidney. These microscopic structures play a critical role in the process of blood filtration to produce urine.
Glomerulus: Structure and Function
The glomerulus is a tiny, intricate network of capillaries located at the beginning of the nephron. It's enveloped by the Bowman's capsule and receives its blood supply from an afferent arteriole, which divides into numerous...
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Factors Affecting Renal Clearance: Renal Impairment01:17

Factors Affecting Renal Clearance: Renal Impairment

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Renal dysfunction significantly impairs the renal clearance of drugs, leading to potential complications in drug therapy. Renal failure, which can be caused by various factors, poses a significant challenge in the elimination of drugs from the body.
One condition associated with renal failure is uremia. Uremia is characterized by impaired glomerular filtration and fluid accumulation in the body. This condition hinders the renal clearance of drugs, resulting in drug accumulation and potential...
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Heart Failure Drugs: Diuretics01:22

Heart Failure Drugs: Diuretics

361
Heart failure and kidney perfusion are interconnected in a complex way. Reduced renal perfusion and venous congestion are two significant factors that contribute to renal dysfunction in heart failure. The kidneys, primarily responsible for fluid balance in the body, are adversely affected due to compromised cardiac output and increased venous pressure. In response to reduced renal perfusion, the kidneys activate neurohumoral mechanisms to restore balance. However, these mechanisms can be...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2025

Analysis of Nephron Composition and Function in the Adult Zebrafish Kidney
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[Emergencies in nephrology].

Mareike Siebeneck1, Mariam Abu-Tair2

  • 1Abteilung für Innere Medizin und Nephrologie, Ev. Klinikum Bethel (EvKB), Schildescher Str. 99, 33611, Bielefeld, Deutschland. mareike.siebeneck@evkb.de.

Innere Medizin (Heidelberg, Germany)
|July 16, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Nephrology emergencies involve acute, life-threatening conditions and kidney damage leading to dialysis. Acute kidney injury is classified by AKIN stages and pathophysiological causes, impacting volume, acid-base, and electrolytes.

Keywords:
Acute kidney failureDialysisElectrolyte disorderHyperhydrationMetabolic acidosis

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Emergency Medicine
  • Critical Care

Background:

  • Nephrology emergencies encompass acute, life-threatening conditions.
  • Kidney damage can necessitate urgent dialysis.
  • Specific patient groups, including those on dialysis or post-transplant, present unique challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the scope of nephrology emergencies.
  • To detail the classification and pathophysiology of acute kidney injury.
  • To highlight considerations for specific patient populations.

Main Methods:

  • Categorization of acute kidney failure using the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) stages.
  • Pathophysiological subdivision into pre-renal, intra-renal, and post-renal causes.
  • Description of clinical consequences including volume status, acid-base, and electrolyte imbalances.

Main Results:

  • Acute kidney injury leads to significant physiological derangements.
  • Nephrotic and nephritic syndromes aid in diagnosing kidney damage.
  • Management strategies must account for patient-specific factors.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding AKIN stages and pathophysiology is crucial for managing acute kidney injury.
  • Careful diagnostic choices are guided by nephrotic and nephritic classifications.
  • Specialized approaches are required for dialysis patients and kidney transplant recipients in emergencies.