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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2025

Optical Sectioning and Visualization of the Intervertebral Disc from Embryonic Development to Degeneration
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Hydration State Throughout Porcine Lumbar Intervertebral Discs: Comparing Fresh and Frozen-Thawed Specimens.

Concetta Morino1,2,3, Jason Kait4, Cameron R Bass5,4,6

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. concettamorino@gmail.com.

Annals of Biomedical Engineering
|July 16, 2024
PubMed
Summary

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Annals of biomedical engineering·2024

Freezing porcine intervertebral discs (IVDs) does not significantly alter overall water content. This finding is crucial for biomechanical testing of IVDs, ensuring reliable hydration data for research.

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Tissue Mechanics
  • Comparative Anatomy

Background:

  • Intervertebral disc (IVD) water content is vital for physiological and mechanical functions.
  • Freezing post-mortem tissues is common practice to prevent degradation before biomechanical testing.
  • The impact of freezing on IVD hydration, particularly in porcine models, remains largely uncharacterized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the hydration state across different regions of porcine lumbar intervertebral discs.
  • To investigate the effects of a single freeze-thaw cycle at -20°C on porcine IVD hydration.
  • To assess the suitability of frozen porcine lumbar spines as a surrogate for biomechanical studies.

Main Methods:

  • Ninety-nine porcine lumbar spines were divided into three storage groups: frozen (-20°C) with saline-soaked gauze, frozen (-20°C) without saline, and fresh.
Keywords:
BiomechanicsFreezingIVD waterLumbar spinePorcine spine

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  • Water content was quantified in four distinct regions: nucleus pulposus (NP), inner annulus fibrosus (AF-A), intermediate annulus fibrosus (AF-B), and outer annulus fibrosus (AF-C).
  • A three-factor repeated measures ANOVA was employed to analyze the influence of storage condition, spinal level, and disc region on water content.

    • Main Results:

    • Significant differences in water content were observed across the four disc regions: NP (88.8% ± 1.7%), AF-A (79.6% ± 3.8%), AF-B (71.9% ± 3.7%), and AF-C (62.3% ± 3.3%).
    • No significant differences in hydration were found in the nucleus pulposus (NP) and outer annulus fibrosus (AF-C) regions between the storage conditions.
    • Minor, likely non-biologically significant, differences were noted in the inner (AF-A) and intermediate (AF-B) annulus fibrosus regions concerning storage condition.

    Conclusions:

    • Water content varies significantly across different regions of the porcine lumbar intervertebral disc.
    • A single freeze-thaw cycle at -20°C does not substantially alter the overall hydration of porcine lumbar IVDs.
    • Results support the use of frozen porcine lumbar spines in biomechanical research without significant concern for hydration changes.