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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Co-activators and Co-repressors02:04

Co-activators and Co-repressors

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Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
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RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

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Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2025

CRISPR Epigenome Editing in Human Cells using Plasmid DNA Transfection and mRNA Nucleofection Delivery
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CRISPR Epigenome Editing in Human Cells using Plasmid DNA Transfection and mRNA Nucleofection Delivery

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Reader-Effectors as Actuators of Epigenome Editing.

Seong Hu Kim1, Karmella A Haynes2

  • 1Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|July 16, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Reader-effector proteins link epigenetic marks to gene regulation. Understanding these proteins is key to improving epigenome editing tools for precise control of gene expression.

Keywords:
DNA methylationHistone posttranslational modificationReader-effectorTranscription

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Gene Regulation

Background:

  • Epigenome editing technologies are advancing for targeted transcriptional control using engineered fusion proteins.
  • The study of proteins interacting with edited chromatin, particularly reader-effectors, has lagged behind the development of these editors.
  • Reader-effector proteins are crucial for translating epigenetic modifications into biological outcomes like gene regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the role of reader-effector proteins in mediating the functional outcomes of epigenome editing.
  • To identify how aberrant or context-specific reader-effectors can interfere with epigenome editing efficacy.
  • To explore the potential of engineered reader-effectors in enhancing the precision and reliability of gene regulation via epigenome editing.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and conceptual analysis of reader-effector protein function in the context of epigenome editing.
  • Examination of existing epigenome editing strategies and their reliance on downstream protein interactions.
  • Discussion of potential engineering strategies for reader-effector domains.

Main Results:

  • Reader-effector proteins, comprising reader and effector domains, directly bind epigenetic marks and recruit complexes for downstream effects.
  • Abnormal or context-specific reader-effectors can lead to unintended consequences and reduced efficacy of epigenome editing.
  • Engineered reader-effectors offer a promising avenue to improve the robustness and specificity of gene regulation by epigenome editors.

Conclusions:

  • Reader-effector proteins are critical components that determine the biological impact of epigenome editing.
  • Addressing the complexities of reader-effector interactions is essential for optimizing epigenome editing applications.
  • Future development of engineered reader-effectors holds significant potential for advancing precise and reliable gene regulation strategies.