Protocol for Efficient Generation of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells with Multiplexed Gene Silencing by Epigenome...

Multiplex gene regulation enables the controlled and simultaneous alteration of the expression levels of multiple genes and is generally pursued to precisely alter complex cellular pathways with a single intervention. Thus far, this has been typically exploited in combination with genome editing tools (i.e., base-/prime-editing, designer nucleases) to enable simultaneous genetic alterations and modulate complex physiologic cellular pathways. In the field of cancer immunotherapy, multiplex genome editing has been used to simultaneously inactivate three genes (i.e., TRAC, B2M, and PDCD1) and generate universal chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells resistant to the inhibitory activity of the PD-1 ligand. However, the intrinsic risk of genomic aberrations driven by such tools poses concerns because of the generation of multiple single-strand or double-strand DNA breaks followed by DNA repair. Modulating gene expression without DNA damage using epigenome editing promises a safer and efficient approach to alter gene expression. This method enables for simultaneous activation and/or repression of target genes, offering superior fine-tuning capabilities with reduced off-targeting effects and potential reversibility as compared to genome editing. Here we describe a detailed protocol for achieving multiplexed and sustainable gene silencing in CAR T cells. In an exemplary approach, we use designer epigenome modifiers (DEMs) for the simultaneous inactivation of two T cell inhibitory genes, PDCD1 and LAG3 to generate CAR T cells with increased resistance to tumor-induced exhaustion.