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Functional integration and segregation during semantic cognition: Evidence across age groups.

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Summary

Semantic cognition relies on the ventral anterior temporal lobe (vATL) and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). This study reveals how these areas dynamically connect with other brain networks during semantic tasks, showing age-related differences.

Keywords:
Anterior temporal lobeCognitive ageingFunctional connectivityInferior frontal gyriSemantic cognition

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Neuroimaging

Background:

  • Semantic cognition involves the ventral anterior temporal lobe (vATL) for knowledge representation and the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) for context-based control.
  • The dynamic communication within and beyond this core semantic network remains incompletely understood.
  • Investigating how cognitive aging impacts these neural connections is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dynamic functional connectivity within the core semantic network (vATL and IFG) during semantic processing.
  • To examine how these connections interact with other large-scale brain networks, such as the multiple-demand and default mode networks.
  • To determine the influence of cognitive aging on the functional connectivity of the semantic network.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to measure brain activity and functional connectivity during semantic and non-semantic tasks.
  • Participants included young and older adults to assess the effects of cognitive aging.
  • Connectivity analyses focused on the vATL, IFG, multiple-demand regions, and default mode network (DMN).

Main Results:

  • Semantic tasks enhanced connectivity between bilateral IFGs, suggesting a semantic control system.
  • Increased connectivity was observed between the left IFG and left vATL, particularly in younger individuals.
  • IFG and vATL showed increased coupling with multiple-demand regions but decreased interaction with DMN areas during semantic tasks.

Conclusions:

  • The study elucidates dynamic connectivity mechanisms supporting semantic cognition within and beyond core semantic regions.
  • Findings suggest that domain-general executive networks contribute to semantic processing, while DMN involvement may reflect task-irrelevant memory retrieval.
  • Cognitive aging influences the functional connectivity of the semantic network, highlighting age-related changes in neural communication.