Invited commentary: deep learning-methods to amplify epidemiologic data collection and analyses

Deep learning is a subfield of artificial intelligence and machine learning, based mostly on neural networks and often combined with attention algorithms, that has been used to detect and identify objects in text, audio, images, and video. Serghiou and Rough (Am J Epidemiol. 2023;192(11):1904-1916) presented a primer for epidemiologists on deep learning models. These models provide substantial opportunities for epidemiologists to expand and amplify their research in both data collection and analyses by increasing the geographic reach of studies, including more research subjects, and working with large or high-dimensional data. The tools for implementing deep learning methods are not as straightforward or ubiquitous for epidemiologists as traditional regression methods found in standard statistical software, but there are exciting opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration with deep learning experts, just as epidemiologists have with statisticians, health care providers, urban planners, and other professionals. Despite the novelty of these methods, epidemiologic principles of assessing bias, study design, interpretation, and others still apply when implementing deep learning methods or assessing the findings of studies that have used them.