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Updated: Jun 21, 2025

Predictive Immune Modeling of Solid Tumors
Published on: February 25, 2020
From virtual patients to digital twins in immuno-oncology: lessons learned from mechanistic quantitative systems
Hanwen Wang1, Theinmozhi Arulraj2, Alberto Ippolito2
1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. hwang163@jhmi.edu.
Abstract:
Virtual patients and digital patients/twins are two similar concepts gaining increasing attention in health care with goals to accelerate drug development and improve patients' survival, but with their own limitations. Although methods have been proposed to generate virtual patient populations using mechanistic models, there are limited number of applications in immuno-oncology research. Furthermore, due to the stricter requirements of digital twins, they are often generated in a study-specific manner with models customized to particular clinical settings (e.g., treatment, cancer, and data types). Here, we discuss the challenges for virtual patient generation in immuno-oncology with our most recent experiences, initiatives to develop digital twins, and how research on these two concepts can inform each other.
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