Sexual hormones monitoring in surface waters and wastewaters from Northern Italy by thin film microextraction coupled...

The occurrence of sex steroid hormones, viz. oestrogens and progestins, in aquatic ecosystems is of global concern due to their role as endocrine disrupting chemicals, even at low concentration (μg L^-1 or less). Thus, it is essential to monitor these organic pollutants to get a realistic picture of their presence and to control their contamination levels in environmental water bodies. In this respect, we have explored the use of self-prepared polymeric films as novel sorptive phase for the microextraction of 17β-estradiol, 17α-ethinylestradiol, estrone, progesterone, medroxyprogesterone acetate and hydroxyprogesterone. The thin film microextraction procedure has been developed, evaluating different film compositions, sample volumes and elution conditions to recover the sorbed analytes. The overall method provides good reproducibility (RSD < 12%) and recoveries higher than 60%. The final method has been applied to environmental monitoring in surface waters (river and lake samples) and urban wastewater treatment plant effluents and influents from Northern Italy, to get a contamination snapshot of this highly urbanized area.