Formulation and characterization of ionically crosslinked gellan gum hydrogels using trilysine at low temperatures...

Research of the nontraditional polysaccharide gellan gum (GG) is a growing space for the development of novel drug delivery systems due to its tunable physic-mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and stability in a wide range of environments. Unfortunately, high temperature crosslinking is often required, representing a limiting factor for the incorporation of thermosensitive therapeutic agents. Here, we demonstrated that GG can be crosslinked at a low temperature (38 °C) using a simple fabrication process that utilizes trilysine as an alternative to traditional mono- or divalent ion crosslinkers. While elevated temperature mixing is still required to form a clear GG solution, crosslinking of 0.5 - 1 % GG (w/v) in the presence of trilysine (0.03 % - 0.05 % w/v) was achieved at 38 °C resulting in hydrogels with suitable working formulations to facilitate syringe loading. Low injection forces (< 20 N), and biocompatibility was evaluated with normal human dermal fibroblast (cell viability > 90 %). Frequency sweep showed a transition from purely liquid-like behavior to gel-like behavior with increased trilysine concentration. A temperature dependent behavior was lost with higher trilysine concentrations, indicating stable hydrogel formation. NMR results suggest that trilysine participates in gelation via both ionic interactions between the primary amines of trilysine and the carboxylate residues of glucuronic acid and hydrogen bonding. Released studies showed that GG hydrogels can entrap and provide sustained release of IgG in relation to the crosslinker, and antibody concentration used, with a burst release within the first 24 h (∼80 % cumulative released) followed by a sustained released for up to 5 days. Overall, findings demonstrate a promising nontoxic injectable hydrogel that requires lower crosslinking temperatures, is simple to manufacture and serves as a carrier of thermosensitive therapeutic agents.