Ciprofloxacin versus levofloxacin prophylaxis in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A randomized trial

We aimed to assess whether there is a difference between ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin as prophylaxis in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (SCT) recipients.

This is a prospective, randomized trial in patients receiving SCT at Henry Ford Health in the United States of America. We randomly assigned patients (1:1) to receive ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin. The primary outcome was incidence of bloodstream bacterial infections (BSI) up to day 60 after SCT.

Between June 4, 2018, and May 23, 2022, we randomly assigned 308 consecutive patients to receive ciprofloxacin (154 patients) or levofloxacin (154 patients). BSI was similar in both the ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin groups (18 [11.7%] vs 18 [11.7%]). Pneumonia was more frequent in the ciprofloxacin group compared to the levofloxacin group (18 [18%] vs 7 [23%]; relative risk 2.57, 95% CI 1.11-5.98; p = 0.028). There were no differences in neutrophil engraftment, fever, Clostridium difficile infection, relapse incidence, overall survival, nonrelapse mortality, length of stay post-SCT, or intensive care unit admission.

Although both prophylaxis regimens demonstrated the same efficacy in SCT recipients, levofloxacin prophylaxis led to less pneumonia in the first 60 days post-SCT.

This study is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03850379.