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Stimulants are substances that enhance neural activity and elevate dopamine levels in the brain, leading to their highly addictive nature. These drugs include cocaine, amphetamines, MDMA, caffeine, and nicotine, each with distinct mechanisms of action and varied health implications.
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Ethanol, a clear colorless alcohol, has been consumed by humans for millennia, but its effects on the body are far from benign. At lower doses, it induces decreased inhibitions and loquaciousness, leading to its social appeal. However, it can cause severe consequences at higher doses, such as coma and respiratory depression, due to its zero-order elimination kinetics. Chronic ethanol abuse wreaks havoc on multiple organ systems, particularly the CNS and the liver. Abrupt cessation of ethanol...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2025

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Altered insular functional activity among electronic cigarettes users with nicotine dependence.

Yunkai Sun1, An Xie2, Yehong Fang1

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.

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|July 17, 2024
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Summary

Electronic cigarette use in nicotine-dependent individuals alters brain activity and connectivity in addiction-related regions. These changes are detectable using resting-state fMRI and can help differentiate users from non-users.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Radiology
  • Addiction Medicine

Background:

  • Rising electronic cigarette (e-cig) use, particularly among young people, raises concerns about long-term neurological effects.
  • Limited understanding exists regarding the impact of e-cig use on brain functional activity, especially in nicotine-dependent individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the long-term effects of e-cig use on brain functional activity in nicotine-dependent individuals.
  • To analyze alterations in local synchronization (ReHo) and functional connectivity (FC) in brain regions associated with addiction.

Main Methods:

  • Acquired resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data from 93 nicotine-dependent e-cig users and 103 healthy controls (HC).
  • Analyzed regional homogeneity (ReHo) at the voxel-wise level and functional connectivity (FC) between the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), ventral tegmental area (VTA), and insula at the ROI-wise level.
  • Employed a support vector machine (SVM) classification model to differentiate e-cig users from HC based on rs-fMRI measures.

Main Results:

  • E-cig users exhibited increased ReHo in the right rolandic operculum and right insula compared to HC.
  • Abnormal FC between the NAcc, VTA, and insula was observed in e-cig users.
  • A negative correlation was found between ReHo in the left NAcc and the duration of e-cig use.
  • The SVM model accurately differentiated chronic e-cig users from HC with 73.47% accuracy, 0.781 AUC, 67.74% sensitivity, and 78.64% specificity.

Conclusions:

  • Nicotine-dependent e-cig users display dysregulated spontaneous brain activity and functional connectivity in addiction-related regions.
  • These findings provide critical insights for developing strategies for e-cig use prevention and cessation interventions.