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Two large intruders in granular flow exhibit attractive or repulsive interactions, their relative positions governed by flow dynamics. Their distances correlate on a single curve, influenced by particle size, flow depth, and incline properties.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics of granular materials
  • Fluid dynamics of particle flows
  • Complex systems interactions

Background:

  • Understanding particle interactions is crucial in granular flows.
  • The behavior of large particles within granular media is complex.
  • Previous studies often simplify particle interactions or flow conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the interaction dynamics between two large spherical particles (intruders) in a dry granular flow down an incline.
  • To identify the key parameters influencing intruder interaction regimes (attractive vs. repulsive).
  • To establish relationships between intruder spacing and flow characteristics.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental investigation of intruder behavior in controlled granular flows.
  • Numerical simulations to complement experimental findings and explore parameter space.
  • Systematic variation of parameters: intruder size ratio, flow thickness, incline slope/roughness, and densities.

Main Results:

  • Intruders consistently align with the direction of granular flow.
  • A clear transition between attractive and repulsive interaction regimes was observed.
  • Intruder separation distances (longitudinal and vertical) are tightly correlated, forming a master curve.
  • Wake and shear effects were identified as primary drivers of intruder positioning.

Conclusions:

  • The relative positioning of intruders in granular flows is predictable and governed by flow-induced forces.
  • Modulation of these forces occurs due to intruder weight, buoyancy, and proximity to boundaries.
  • The findings provide a fundamental understanding of multi-particle dynamics in inclined granular flows.