[Estimation of Near-surface Ozone Concentration in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region Based on XGBoost-LME Model]

High spatiotemporal resolution data on near-surface ozone concentration distribution is of great significance for monitoring and controlling atmospheric ozone pollution and improving the living environment. Using TROPOMI-L3 NO₂, HCHO products, and ERA5-land high-resolution data as estimation variables, an XGBoost-LME model was constructed to estimate the near-surface ozone concentration in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region. The results showed that： ① Through correlation analysis, surface 2 m temperature （T2M）, 2 m dewpoint temperature （D2M）, surface solar radiation downwards （SSRD）, tropospheric formaldehyde （HCHO）, and tropospheric nitrogen dioxide （NO₂） were important factors affecting the near-surface ozone concentration in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region. Among them, T2M, SSRD, and D2M had strong correlations, with correlation coefficients of 0.82, 0.75, and 0.71, respectively. ② Compared with that of other models, the XGBoost-LME model had the best performance in terms of various indicators. The ten-fold cross-validation evaluation indicators R², MAE, and RMSE were 0.951, 9.27 μg·m^-3, and 13.49 μg·m^-3, respectively. At the same time, the model performed well at different time scales. ③ In terms of time, there was a significant seasonal difference in near-surface ozone concentration in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region in 2019, with the concentration changing in the order of summer > spring > autumn > winter. The monthly average ozone concentration in the region showed an inverted "V" trend, with a slight increase in September. The highest value occurred in July, whereas the lowest value occurred in December. In terms of spatial distribution, the near-surface ozone concentrations in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region during the months of February and March were generally at the same levels. In January, November, and December, there was a relatively insignificant trend of higher concentrations in the north and lower concentrations in the south. For the remaining months, the spatial distribution of near-surface ozone concentrations in this area predominantly exhibited a pattern of higher concentrations in the south and lower concentrations in the north. High-value areas were predominantly found in the plain regions of the southern part with lower altitudes, dense population, and higher industrial emissions； low-value areas, on the other hand, were primarily located in mountainous areas of the northern part with higher altitudes, sparse population, higher vegetation coverage, and lower industrial emissions.