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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
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Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...
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Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

Carbohydrate Metabolism

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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in...
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility,...
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A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory
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Preventing diabetes complications.

Sophie Templer1,2, Sarah Abdo1,3, Tang Wong1,2,3

  • 1Department of Endocrinology, Bankstown-Lidcombe Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Internal Medicine Journal
|July 18, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Effective diabetes management requires a multifactorial approach, combining lifestyle changes with newer medications to prevent both traditional and emerging complications, improving patient outcomes.

Keywords:
cardiovascular diseasediabetesglycaemic controlmacrovascular complicationsmicrovascular complications

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology and Metabolism
  • Cardiovascular Disease Prevention
  • Diabetology

Background:

  • Diabetes complications significantly contribute to morbidity and mortality.
  • While individual complication rates have decreased due to improved risk factor management, population-level burden persists due to rising diabetes incidence and longer exposure.
  • Awareness of non-traditional complications like non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is increasing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review strategies for preventing diabetes complications.
  • To highlight the shift towards multifactorial management including lifestyle and newer pharmacotherapies.
  • To emphasize the importance of addressing emerging complications beyond glycemic control.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical trials and evidence on diabetes management strategies.
  • Analysis of the impact of lifestyle modifications (diet, exercise) on diabetes complications.
  • Evaluation of newer glucose-lowering agents (SGLT2 inhibitors, GLP-1 agonists) in complication prevention.

Main Results:

  • Multifactorial approaches targeting diet, exercise, glucose, blood pressure, and lipids are most effective.
  • Sodium-glucose transport protein 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists have revolutionized prevention of cardiovascular and renal complications in type 2 diabetes.
  • Emerging complications may necessitate strategies beyond glycemic control, focusing on weight loss and metabolic risk reduction.

Conclusions:

  • A comprehensive, multifactorial strategy is crucial for preventing diabetes complications.
  • Lifestyle interventions remain foundational, complemented by advanced pharmaceutical therapies.
  • Addressing both traditional and non-traditional diabetes complications is essential for improving long-term patient health.