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Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
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Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
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Magnetic skin effect in Pb(Fe _{1/2}$Nb _{1/2}$)O3.

N Giles-Donovan1, A D Hillier2, K Ishida2,3

  • 1Centre for Medical and Industrial Ultrasonics, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
|July 18, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals a magnetic "skin effect" in multiferroic Pb(Fe_{1/2}Nb_{1/2})O3 (PFN) crystals. Muon spectroscopy shows magnetic relaxation rates change with depth, distinct from chemical composition, mirroring structural relaxor properties.

Keywords:
multiferroicsmuon spectroscopyrelaxor-ferroelectricsspin-glass

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Solid State Chemistry

Background:

  • Relaxor-ferroelectrics exhibit unique dielectric properties due to random dipolar fields from chemical inhomogeneity.
  • A macroscopic 'skin effect' is observed in relaxors, where near-surface properties differ significantly from the bulk.
  • Pb(Fe_{1/2}Nb_{1/2})O3 (PFN) is a multiferroic material with relaxor-like dielectric behavior and cluster spin-glass magnetic properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the depth-dependent magnetic relaxation dynamics in PFN single crystals using muon spectroscopy.
  • To determine if chemical concentration variations contribute to the observed magnetic relaxations.
  • To explore the presence and nature of a magnetic 'skin effect' analogous to the structural skin effect in relaxors.

Main Methods:

  • Variable momentum muon spectroscopy (positive muon spin relaxation) to probe magnetic relaxations at different depths.
  • Negative muon elemental analysis to assess the concentration of Fe3+ and Nb5+ as a function of depth.
  • Analysis of muon spin relaxation data using a stretched exponential model to characterize relaxation rate distributions.

Main Results:

  • Zero-field positive muon spin relaxation in PFN is described by a stretched exponential, indicating a distribution of Fe3+ spin relaxation rates.
  • The bandwidth of relaxation frequencies varies with muon momentum, confirming depth-dependent changes in Fe3+ relaxation dynamics.
  • Negative muon elemental analysis showed minimal changes in Fe3+/Nb5+ concentration with depth, ruling out chemical inhomogeneity as the primary cause.

Conclusions:

  • PFN exhibits a magnetic 'skin effect' where magnetic relaxation dynamics are depth-dependent.
  • This magnetic skin effect is not attributable to variations in chemical composition.
  • The findings suggest an analogy between the structural skin effect in relaxors and the observed magnetic behavior in PFN.