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Bacteriophage resistance evolution in a honey bee pathogen.

Emma K Spencer1, Yva Eline2, Lauren Saucedo1

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID.

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|July 19, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Honey bees face bacterial threats. Bacteriophage therapy shows promise, but resistance can emerge. However, resistance often reduces pathogen virulence and can be overcome by phages, suggesting a viable treatment strategy.

Keywords:
Paenibacillus larvaebacteriophage resistancebacteriophage therapyhoney bees

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Apiculture
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Honey bee larvae are vulnerable to Paenibacillus larvae, a bacterial pathogen.
  • Current antibiotic treatments for bee diseases face limitations, including regulatory hurdles and antibiotic resistance.
  • Bacteriophage therapy is an emerging alternative for treating bacterial infections in honey bee colonies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential for Paenibacillus larvae to evolve resistance to bacteriophages.
  • To analyze the genetic basis and fitness costs associated with bacteriophage resistance in P. larvae.
  • To assess the impact of bacteriophage resistance on P. larvae virulence in bee larvae.

Main Methods:

  • Bacterial cultures of P. larvae were exposed to multiple bacteriophages to select for resistant strains.
  • Whole-genome sequencing was performed on resistant isolates to identify mutations.
  • Virulence assays were conducted using P. larvae isolates in honey bee larvae.

Main Results:

  • P. larvae rapidly evolved resistance to bacteriophages in vitro, but this often incurred significant growth defects.
  • Mutations conferring resistance were identified in genes related to surface receptors, general cellular functions, and lysogeny.
  • A bacteriophage-resistant P. larvae isolate exhibited reduced virulence in bee larvae compared to the wild-type strain.
  • Evidence suggests bacteriophages can evolve to overcome P. larvae resistance.

Conclusions:

  • While P. larvae can develop bacteriophage resistance, this is often associated with reduced pathogenicity.
  • Secondary mutations in bacteriophages may counteract evolved resistance, supporting the potential of bacteriophage therapy.
  • Bacteriophage therapy presents a promising, environmentally safer alternative for managing P. larvae infections in honey bees.