Cellulose nanofiber-based hybrid hydrogel electrode with superhydrophilicity enabling flexible high energy density...

Flexible hybrid hydrogels (GO/AC/CNFn) with a 3D porous network structure and superhydrophilic property are synthesized by cross-linking and self-assembling graphene oxide (GO) and activated carbon (AC) with cellulose nanofiber (CNF) during microwave hydrothermal process. In this ternary composite hydrogel, CNF molecular chains bridge GO sheets to build the 3D skeleton and anchor AC particles within GO nanosheets, forming ordered architecture of GO/AC/CNFn hydrogel that simultaneously possesses high flexibility and excellent mechanical integrity. When using this hydrogel as additive-free electrode, the presence of AC provides developed porous structure and density to promote high volumetric capacitance, while the heteroatom nitrogen groups tune the surface property of the composite with increased electrical conductivity. Benefited from the optimized structure, GO/AC/CNF₁ electrode delivers an ultra-high mass specific capacitance of 627 F/g and volume specific capacitance of 618 F/cm³ at 0.5 A/g in three-electrode system in 1 M H₂SO₄ electrolyte, which is kinetically demonstrated to be essentially originated from the capacitive contributions. The energy density reaches 32.2 Wh/kg at a power density of 150 W/kg for the fabricated flexible solid-state symmetric supercapacitor. Moreover, the obtained flexible device could sensitively response at varied physiological signals, shedding fresh lights on their potential applications in signal sensors and portable electronics.