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Related Concept Videos

Complexation Equilibria: Overview01:23

Complexation Equilibria: Overview

661
Complexation reactions take place when dative or coordinate covalent bonds form between metal ions and ligands. The compounds formed in these reactions are called coordination compounds. The number of bonds formed between the metal ion and the ligands is called its coordination number. Generally, most metal ions in an aqueous solution are solvated by water molecules and thus exist as aqua complexes.
The equilibrium constant of the complexation reaction is represented as the formation constant...
661
Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

Extraction: Advanced Methods

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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect01:19

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

495
In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
495
Physiological Pharmacokinetic Models: Incorporating Hepatic Transporter-Mediated Clearance01:07

Physiological Pharmacokinetic Models: Incorporating Hepatic Transporter-Mediated Clearance

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Drug transporters are critical in drug absorption, distribution, and excretion processes. They should be included in physiological-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models, which help predict human drug disposition. However, predicting this is challenging during drug development, especially when liver transport is involved. However, with a realistic representation of body transport processes, an accurate model may be possible.
A recent model describes pravastatin's hepatobiliary excretion,...
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Multicompartment Models: Overview01:14

Multicompartment Models: Overview

123
Multicompartment models are mathematical constructs that depict how drugs are distributed and eliminated within the body. They segment the body into several compartments, symbolizing various physiological or anatomical areas connected through drug transfer processes such as absorption, metabolism, distribution, and elimination.
These models offer a more comprehensive representation of drug behavior in the body than one-compartment models. They accommodate the complexity of drug distribution,...
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Complexometric Titration: Ligands00:43

Complexometric Titration: Ligands

940
Different monodentate and polydentate ligands are used as complexing agents in complexometric titration reactions. The formation of complexes by mono- and bidentate ligands involves two or more intermediate steps, limiting their use as complexing agents. In comparison, polydentate ligands can form complexes with metal ions in a single-step process, facilitating sharper end points. This means polydentate ligands, such as amino carboxylic acid derivatives, are most commonly employed in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2025

Removal of Arsenic Using a Cationic Polymer Gel Impregnated with Iron Hydroxide
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A kinetics-coupled multi-surface complexation model deciphering arsenic adsorption and mobility across soil types.

Yutong Liu1, Liyang Zhang1, Yubo Wen2

  • 1Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.

The Science of the Total Environment
|July 21, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This study developed a model to predict arsenic (As) adsorption in soils, considering various soil components like iron (Fe) oxides and organic carbon (OC). The model highlights how soil type and conditions influence As binding, crucial for environmental risk assessment.

Keywords:
Adsorption kineticsArsenic adsorptionNatural soilsOxidation kineticsSurface complexation model

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Last Updated: Jun 20, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Soil Science
  • Geochemistry

Background:

  • Arsenic (As) adsorption in soils is complex due to diverse soil adsorbents and manganese (Mn) influence on As(III) oxidation.
  • Predicting As adsorption is challenging without a comprehensive model integrating these factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a kinetic coupled multi-surface complexation model for characterizing As adsorbents in natural soils.
  • To quantify the contributions of different soil components to As adsorption.
  • To integrate dynamic adsorption behaviors and Mn-oxide interactions using unified thermodynamic and kinetic parameters.

Main Methods:

  • Mössbauer spectroscopy
  • X-ray diffraction of oriented clay
  • Batch experiments
  • Kinetic coupled multi-surface complexation modeling

Main Results:

  • As adsorption is governed by five key adsorbents: poorly crystalline Fe oxides, well crystalline Fe oxides, Fe-rich clay, Fe-depletion clay, and organic carbon (OC).
  • Fe oxides dominate As adsorption at low concentrations, while Fe-rich clay in carbonate strata soils enhances adsorption at higher concentrations.
  • Paddy fields with higher OC levels show greater As adsorption than upland fields due to redox cycles.

Conclusions:

  • The developed model provides novel insights into As dynamics in soils.
  • It offers a versatile tool for predicting As adsorption across diverse soil types.
  • Understanding the role of Fe-rich clay and OC is critical for managing As contamination.