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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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Phase Transitions02:31

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Changes

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Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
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Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that exist between molecules. They dictate several bulk properties, such as melting points, boiling points, and solubilities (miscibilities) of substances. Molar mass, molecular shape, and polarity affect the strength of different intermolecular forces, which influence the magnitude of physical properties across a family of molecules.
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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
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Complex phase behavior of dihydroxyl-functionalized ionic liquids at low temperature.

Mingjie Cui1,2, Zeling Long1, Bingxi Song1

  • 1Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, State Key Laboratory of Mesoscience and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. gyzhao@ipe.ac.cn.

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : PCCP
|July 22, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Six new dihydroxyl-functionalized ionic liquids (ILs) were synthesized for low-temperature phase behavior studies. These ILs show potential as phase-change thermal storage materials with stable enthalpy.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Ionic liquids (ILs) are tunable solvents with unique properties.
  • Phase-change materials (PCMs) are crucial for thermal energy storage.
  • Understanding IL phase behavior is key to developing advanced materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize novel dihydroxyl-functionalized ionic liquids.
  • To investigate the low-temperature phase behavior of these ILs.
  • To evaluate their potential as phase-change thermal storage materials.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of six dihydroxyl-functionalized ionic liquids.
  • Crystallographic methods for structural analysis.
  • Raman spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for phase studies.
  • Density functional theory (DFT) calculations for theoretical insights.

Main Results:

  • Observed diverse phase behaviors influenced by hydrogen bonding.
  • Demonstrated stable phase transition enthalpy in the studied ILs.
  • Identified potential for ILs as effective thermal storage materials.

Conclusions:

  • Dihydroxyl-functionalized ionic liquids exhibit tunable phase behavior.
  • These ILs are promising candidates for low-temperature phase-change thermal storage applications.
  • Hydrogen bonding plays a critical role in dictating the phase properties of ILs.