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Related Concept Videos

Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

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Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
326
Arteries of the Lower Limbs01:24

Arteries of the Lower Limbs

182
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators

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γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
Benzodiazepines are a well-known class of drugs used for...
371
Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

310
Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
310
Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein

279
Antiepileptic drugs, such as levetiracetam (Keppra) and brivaracetam (Briviact), have emerged as crucial tools in managing epilepsy. These medications exert their therapeutic effects by targeting the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, a transmembrane glycoprotein primarily found in the brain.
SV2A is a transmembrane glycoprotein located predominantly in the brain, modulating the release of neurotransmitters for neuronal communication. Both levetiracetam and brivaracetam exhibit a high affinity for...
279
Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

158
Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...
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Vertiginous epilepsy in the pediatric population.

Alexandra M Wood1, Adam Thompson-Harvey2, Bradley W Kesser2

  • 1Department of Neurology, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States.

Frontiers in Neurology
|July 22, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Vertiginous epilepsy (VE) is a rare pediatric epilepsy subtype where dizziness is the main symptom. Early diagnosis and anti-seizure medications are key for seizure control in children.

Keywords:
benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood (BPVC)dizzinessepilepsypediatricsvertigovestibular migrainevestibular system

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pediatrics
  • Epileptology

Background:

  • Vertiginous epilepsy (VE) is an underrecognized epilepsy subtype in children.
  • Vertiginous symptoms, originating from the vestibular cortex, are the primary or sole seizure manifestation.
  • Incidence ranges from 6-15% in pediatric patients with dizziness, often leading to diagnostic delays.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the characteristics of pediatric vertiginous epilepsy.
  • To emphasize the importance of timely diagnosis and appropriate work-up.
  • To discuss potential causes and treatment outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical presentation and diagnostic approaches for VE.
  • Inclusion of detailed history, physical examination, EEG, and MRI.
  • Consideration of vestibular testing for peripheral vestibulopathy.

Main Results:

  • Diagnosis is frequently delayed due to lack of established criteria.
  • Idiopathic and genetic causes are common in pediatric VE.
  • Most patients achieve seizure freedom with anti-seizure medications.

Conclusions:

  • Pediatric vertiginous epilepsy requires increased recognition and standardized diagnostic criteria.
  • Comprehensive evaluation including neuroimaging and EEG is crucial.
  • Effective management with anti-seizure medications is achievable for most affected children.