Impact of Cosmic Rays on Radiation Exposures and Scientific Activities at the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter...

This study delves into the investigation of cosmic-ray radiation exposure levels for workers and their impact on the signal correlation subsystems at the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observatory sites. The analysis presents a detailed examination of secondary cosmic ray spectra and flux at the ALMA sites, encompassing the operational period from 2010 to the present day, with a particular focus on the consequences of extreme solar flares. In terms of radiation exposure for ALMA employees, the annual exposure at the highest site (AOS) reaches approximately 4.8 mSv. This value exceeds the exposure level of a typical nuclear fuel cycle worker or those working at high-altitude Antarctica stations. The exposure is approximately 2.7 times lower at the ALMA Operations Support Facility (OSF). Furthermore, the additional ambient dose equivalent resulting from solar events, while low for events similar to those observed since the 1950s, can reach up to approximately 1 mSv when considering more ancient solar events based on environmental archives. Our analysis includes radiation effects measurements in the Baseline Correlator at the AOS and, more generally, underscores the significance of employing accurate modeling and simulation techniques to assess the effects of galactic cosmic rays and extreme solar events on the integrated circuits utilized or planned in the ALMA correlation subsystem.