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Micelles01:30

Micelles

260
Micelle formation is an intricate process that hinges on the properties of amphiphilic or amphipathic molecules and the conditions of the system in which they are found. Amphiphilic molecules, which have both hydrophilic (water-attracting) and hydrophobic (water-repelling) parts, play a critical role in this process.In aqueous environments, these molecules arrange themselves such that their hydrophilic heads are turned towards the water phase, while their hydrophobic tails are oriented away...
260
Formulation and Manufacturing Process: Physical Attributes of Generic Tablets and Capsules01:18

Formulation and Manufacturing Process: Physical Attributes of Generic Tablets and Capsules

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Bioequivalence in generic drugs, such as tablets and capsules, refers to their pharmaceutical equivalence to the brand-name counterparts. However, for therapeutic equivalence, manufacturers must also consider physical attributes like size, shape, and weight (FDA Guidance for Industry, December 2003). Discrepancies in these aspects could impact patient compliance and cause medication errors. For instance, swallowing difficulties, often experienced with larger tablets or capsules, can lead to...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 13, 2026

Extraction of Plant-based Capsules for Microencapsulation Applications
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Current Challenges in Microcapsule Designs and Microencapsulation Processes: A Review.

Benjamin T Lobel1, Daniele Baiocco2, Mohammed Al-Sharabi3

  • 1School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|July 23, 2024
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review explores sustainable microencapsulation, focusing on environmentally friendly designs and biodegradability assessments. It highlights energy-efficient fabrication methods and advanced materials to meet UN sustainability goals for safer, cost-effective microcapsules.

Keywords:
active ingredient deliverymicrocapsule fabricationmicroencapsulationsustainable microcapsule design

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Microencapsulation protects active ingredients across industries like pharmaceuticals and food.
  • Traditional polymeric microcapsules face limitations: leaching, non-biodegradability, and high energy costs.
  • UN sustainability goals drive demand for eco-friendly, efficient microencapsulation systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advances in microencapsulation with an emphasis on sustainable designs.
  • To describe key techniques for assessing microcapsule biodegradability according to EU regulations.
  • To present fabrication methodologies considering energy demand and recent innovations.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of microencapsulation technologies and sustainable materials.
  • Analysis of biodegradability assessment techniques and their compliance with regulations.
  • Evaluation of fabrication methods based on energy consumption and efficiency.

Main Results:

  • Identified limitations of conventional microcapsules, including environmental concerns.
  • Highlighted promising sustainable microcapsule designs meeting current regulatory standards.
  • Detailed energy demands of common microencapsulation fabrication processes.

Conclusions:

  • There is a growing need for sustainable microcapsules that are efficient, safe, and cost-effective.
  • Biodegradability assessment and energy-efficient manufacturing are crucial for future microencapsulation development.
  • Recent advancements offer solutions for creating environmentally friendly microcapsules.