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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

3.0K
Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

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Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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Epigenetic modifications during embryonic development: Gene reprogramming and regulatory networks.

Cen Tang1, Wanqin Hu1

  • 1Kunming Medical University Second Affiliated Hospital, Obstetrics Department, Kunming, Yunnan 650106, China.

Journal of Reproductive Immunology
|July 24, 2024
PubMed
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Epigenetic modifications are crucial for normal pregnancy and early embryonic development. Understanding these changes offers new targets for treating embryonic failure and personalized abortion care.

Keywords:
Embryonic developmentEpigenetic modificationMaternal-to-zygotic transitionPost-translational modificationPregnancy

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Developmental biology

Background:

  • Normal pregnancy relies on cellular maturation at the maternal-fetal interface.
  • Changes in the maternal-fetal immune microenvironment and epigenetic regulation are key research areas.
  • Epigenetics, including DNA/RNA methylation and histone modifications, provides insights into early development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review epigenetic modifications in female germ cell and embryo development.
  • To explore the role of epigenetics in the maternal-fetal interface.
  • To identify new targets for diagnosing and treating embryonic failure and abortion.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on epigenetic mechanisms.
  • Analysis of epigenetic modifications in germ cells and embryos.
  • Examination of transcriptional regulation in early development.

Main Results:

  • Epigenetic modifications play a significant role in maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT).
  • Understanding these modifications offers insights into embryonic developmental processes.
  • Specific epigenetic loci are critical for female germ cell and embryo development.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic insights can illuminate the pathogenesis of embryonic failure.
  • This knowledge can lead to personalized diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for abortion.
  • Further research into epigenetic regulation is vital for reproductive health.