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Overview of Exosomes

Overview of Exosomes

Exosomes are stable, lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles capable of crossing biological barriers. They can carry a wide range of molecules required for intercellular communication. Once exosomes are released from the cell where they originated, they enter a recipient cell through various pathways such as fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
Stahl et al. discovered exosomes in 1983, but the exosomes were initially considered waste products released from the...

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Isolation and Characterization of Exosomes from Skeletal Muscle Fibroblasts

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Engineering Exosomes for Therapeutic Applications: Decoding Biogenesis, Content Modification, and Cargo Loading

Mehrnoosh Bahadorani¹, Mahboobeh Nasiri¹, Kristen Dellinger¹

¹Department of Nanoengineering, Joint School of Nanoscience & Nanoengineering, North Carolina Agriculture and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA.

International Journal of Nanomedicine

|July 25, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Exosomes, tiny vesicles carrying biomolecules, show promise for disease diagnosis and therapy. Engineering exosomes enhances their potential for targeted drug delivery and clinical applications.

Keywords:

diagnostics drug delivery engineered exosomes exosome therapeutics

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Area of Science:

Biotechnology
Nanomedicine
Cell Biology

Background:

Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles originating from endosomal invagination.
They contain a diverse cargo of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids reflective of cellular states.
Exosomes hold significant potential for diagnosing and prognosing various diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the diagnostic and therapeutic applications of exosomes.
To highlight methods for engineering exosomes for enhanced functionality.
To discuss strategies for loading therapeutic agents and developing novel exosome-based systems.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on exosome biogenesis, cargo, and clinical applications.
Emphasis on exosome engineering techniques: incubation, biological, and click chemistry.
Discussion of passive and active loading strategies for therapeutic agents.
Exploration of hybrid and artificial exosome designs.

Main Results:

Exosomes' cargo can serve as biomarkers for physiological and pathological states.
Engineered exosomes demonstrate potential for targeted delivery of therapeutics.
Various methods exist for exosome modification and cargo loading.
Hybrid and artificial exosomes offer new avenues for therapeutic development.

Conclusions:

Exosomes possess considerable diagnostic and therapeutic potential.
Further optimization of exosome engineering and drug loading is crucial for clinical translation.
Exosome-based diagnostics and therapeutics represent a promising frontier in medicine.