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Physiology of Urine Formation

Physiology of Urine Formation

Urine formation is an essential function of the human body. It plays a critical role in maintaining homeostasis by regulating the volume and composition of body fluids. The kidneys, the primary organs involved in this process, filter blood to remove waste products and excess substances, ultimately producing urine.
Glomerular Filtration
The first stage in urine formation is glomerular filtration. Each kidney contains approximately 1 million nephrons, the functional units of filtration, with a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2025

Proteomic Profile of EPS-Urine through FASP Digestion and Data-Independent Analysis

Published on: May 8, 2021

Investigating and Annotating the Human Peptidome Profile from Urine under Normal Physiological Conditions.

Amr Elguoshy^1,2, Keiko Yamamoto¹, Yoshitoshi Hirao¹

¹Biofluid and Biomarker Center, Kidney Research Center, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-2181, Japan.

|July 25, 2024

Summary

This study characterizes the normal human urinary peptidome, identifying key enzymes like cathepsin D and matrix metalloproteinase-2. These findings establish a baseline for discovering disease biomarkers.

Keywords:

biomarker discovery peptidases peptidomics urine

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Last Updated: Jun 19, 2025

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Published on: May 8, 2021

Hydrogel Nanoparticle Harvesting of Plasma or Urine for Detecting Low Abundance Proteins

Hydrogel Nanoparticle Harvesting of Plasma or Urine for Detecting Low Abundance Proteins

Published on: August 7, 2014

Sampling Human Indigenous Saliva Peptidome Using a Lollipop-Like Ultrafiltration Probe: Simplify and Enhance Peptide Detection for Clinical Mass Spectrometry

Sampling Human Indigenous Saliva Peptidome Using a Lollipop-Like Ultrafiltration Probe: Simplify and Enhance Peptide Detection for Clinical Mass Spectrometry

Published on: August 7, 2012

Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Proteomics
Human Physiology

Background:

The urinary peptidome reflects physiological status.
Altered peptidome profiles may indicate disease.
Understanding normal urine peptide composition is crucial for biomarker discovery.

Purpose of the Study:

To characterize the normal urinary peptidome.
To identify enzymes responsible for generating native urine peptides.
To establish a reference dataset for disease biomarker research.

Main Methods:

Analysis of 19 human urine samples.
Identification and quantification of endogenous peptides.
Enzyme activity profiling and comparison with existing datasets.

Main Results:

1503 endogenous peptides from 436 precursor proteins were identified.
Liver and kidney genes were highly represented in the peptidome.
Cathepsin D (CTSD) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) were prominent enzymes.
Consistent relative abundance of core peptides across datasets.

Conclusions:

Established a comprehensive profile of the normal urinary peptidome.
Identified key enzymes, CTSD and MMP2, involved in peptide formation.
Findings provide a foundational reference for urinary biomarker discovery in human diseases.