Enhancing 3D printed ceramic components: The function of dispersants, adhesion promoters, and surface-active agents...

In the domain of photopolymerization-based additive manufacturing (3D vat printing), ceramic photopolymer resins represent a multifaceted composite, predominantly comprising oligomers, ceramic fillers, and photoinitiators. However, the synergy between the ceramic fillers and polymer matrix, along with the stabilization and homogenization of the composite, is facilitated by specific additives, notably surface-active agents, dispersants, and adhesion promoters. Although these additives constitute a minor fraction in terms of volume, their influence on the final properties of the material is substantial. Consequently, their meticulous selection and integration are crucial, subtly guiding the performance and characteristics of the resultant ceramic matrix composites toward enhancement. This review delves into the array of dispersants and coupling agents utilized in the additive manufacturing of ceramic components. It elucidates the interaction mechanisms between these additives and ceramic fillers and examines how these interactions affect the additive manufacturing process. Furthermore, this review investigates the impact of various additives on the rheological behavior of ceramic slurries and their subsequent effects on the post-manufacturing stages, such as debinding and sintering. It also addresses the challenges and prospects in the optimization of dispersants and coupling agents for advanced ceramic additive manufacturing applications.