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Polymers02:34

Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Rate-programmed drug delivery systems release drugs in a controlled manner to maintain therapeutic levels. Three main designs include reservoir, matrix, and hybrid systems.Reservoir systems consist of a drug core enclosed within a membrane that controls drug release. In non-swelling reservoir systems, polymers like ethyl cellulose or polymethacrylates are used. These do not hydrate in aqueous media and control release through membrane thickness, porosity, or insolubility. This type includes...
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Drug release from modified-release dosage forms is designed to achieve specific therapeutic effects by controlling the rate and extent of drug release. The classification of these drug release systems is based on key pharmacokinetic assumptions: drug disposition follows first-order kinetics, drug release is the rate-limiting step in absorption, and the released drug is rapidly and completely absorbed.There are four major models of drug release patterns. The first model is the slow zero-order...
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Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Rate-Programmed I01:22

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Rate-programmed drug delivery systems (DDS) are designed to release drugs at specific, controlled rates to maintain consistent therapeutic levels. These systems are categorized based on their release mechanisms, including dissolution-controlled DDS, diffusion-controlled DDS, and combined dissolution-diffusion-controlled DDS.In dissolution-controlled DDS, the release rate depends on the slow dissolution of the drug itself or the surrounding matrix. Drugs with inherently slow dissolution rates,...
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Site-Targeted Drug Delivery Systems: Polymeric Carriers01:24

Site-Targeted Drug Delivery Systems: Polymeric Carriers

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Polymeric carriers enhance targeted drug delivery by increasing efficacy while minimizing off-target effects. These carriers comprise a biodegradable polymeric backbone integrated with functional elements that enable targeting, improve physicochemical properties, and regulate drug release.Targeting MechanismsThe targeting ability of polymeric carriers is mediated by a homing device, which is a molecular recognition component designed to selectively bind to specific tissues or cells. Monoclonal...
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Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Delayed-Release Systems01:11

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Delayed-release drug delivery systems are specialized pharmaceutical formulations designed to postpone the release of active compounds until the drug reaches a specific region of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, typically the intestine. These systems are essential for drugs that may cause gastric irritation, are unstable in acidic environments, or need to exert therapeutic effects locally in the intestinal or colonic regions.The core feature of delayed-release systems is the use of enteric...
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Combinatorial Synthesis of and High-throughput Protein Release from Polymer Film and Nanoparticle Libraries
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Drug polymer conjugates: Average release time from thin films.

George Kalosakas1

  • 1Department of Materials Science, University of Patras, GR-26504 Rio, Greece.

International Journal of Pharmaceutics
|July 25, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This study derives an exact formula for drug release time from polymer conjugates, combining diffusion and reaction rates. The formula aids in designing drug delivery systems and determining material properties.

Keywords:
Controlled releaseReaction–diffusion systemsRelease kineticsSlabs

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Science
  • Materials Science
  • Drug Delivery

Background:

  • Polymeric thin films with labile bonds are used for drug conjugation and controlled release.
  • Understanding drug release kinetics is crucial for effective therapeutic delivery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To derive an exact formula for the average release time of drugs from polymeric thin films.
  • To analyze the contributions of diffusion and reaction kinetics to drug release.
  • To provide a tool for designing polymer-drug conjugates and determining material properties.

Main Methods:

  • Analytical solution of the reaction-diffusion problem for first-order reaction kinetics.
  • Derivation of an exact formula for average release time (t_av).
  • Numerical integration to verify the analytical results.

Main Results:

  • The average release time (t_av) is the sum of average diffusion time and inverse reaction rate constant: t_av = (1/12)⋅(L²/D) + (1/k).
  • This formula accurately describes diffusion-controlled, reaction-controlled, and crossover release regimes.
  • Fractional drug release at t_av is between 60-64%.

Conclusions:

  • The derived formula offers precise prediction of drug release profiles from polymer conjugates.
  • Results facilitate the design of polymer-drug systems with tunable release times.
  • The study enables experimental determination of diffusion (D) and reaction (k) rate constants.