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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Types of RNA01:20

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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA Performs Diverse...
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RNA Splicing01:32

RNA Splicing

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Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
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Alternative RNA Splicing02:18

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Alternative RNA splicing is the regulated splicing of exons and introns to produce different mature mRNAs from a single pre-mRNA. Unlike in constitutive splicing where a single gene produces a single type of mRNA, alternative splicing allows an organism to produce multiple proteins from a single gene and plays an important role in protein diversity.
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Exon Recombination02:32

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The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
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Position-effect Variegation02:32

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In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
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Neutral evolution of snoRNA Host Gene long non-coding RNA affects cell fate control.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • The evolutionary acquisition of new genomic functions is a key challenge.
  • The roles of actively transcribed non-coding RNAs, such as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), are largely unknown.
  • lncRNAs that host small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are highly expressed in skin and implicated in inflammatory conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the function and evolutionary origins of specific lncRNAs in skin.
  • To elucidate the mechanism by which lncRNAs influence keratinocyte behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized human epidermal keratinocytes as a model system.
  • Focused on the SNHG7 lncRNA and its role in cell self-renewal and differentiation.
  • Analyzed the evolutionary history and functional requirements of SNHG7 activity.

Main Results:

  • Identified a set of neutrally evolving lncRNAs (SNHG family) highly expressed in skin.
  • Demonstrated that SNHG7 lncRNA promotes keratinocyte self-renewal and inhibits differentiation.
  • Found that SNHG7's microRNA-binding-dependent activity is a recent evolutionary acquisition in primates.

Conclusions:

  • Fast-evolving, actively transcribed non-coding sequences can contribute to genomic functionality.
  • lncRNAs like SNHG7 are important in the biology of normal and diseased epithelia.
  • Understanding these dynamic genomic elements is crucial for evolutionary and medical research.