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Photosystem II

Photosystem II

The multi-protein complex photosystem II (PS II) harvests photons and transfers their energy through its bound pigments to its reaction center, and ultimately to photosystem I (PSI) through the electron transport chain. The pigments responsible for caputirng the light energy in photosystems include chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids.
The pigment molecules are arranged across two photosystem domains — the antenna complex and the reaction center. The main aim of the pigment molecules...

Photosystem I

Photosystem I

Although structurally similar to photosystem II (PSII), photosystem I (PSI) is has a different electron supplier and electron acceptor.
Both these photosystems work in concert. An excited electron from PSII is relayed to PSI via an electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast, which is comprised of the carrier molecule plastoquinone, the dual-protein cytochrome complex, and plastocyanin. As electrons move between PSII and PSI, they lose energy and must be re-energized...

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Proton Transfer and Protein Conformation Dynamics in Photosensitive Proteins by Time-resolved Step-scan Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy

Proton Transfer and Protein Conformation Dynamics in Photosensitive Proteins by Time-resolved Step-scan Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy

Published on: June 27, 2014

Addressing Reproducibility Challenges in High-Throughput Photochemistry.

Brenda Pijper¹, Lucía M Saavedra¹, Matteo Lanzi²

¹Chemical Capabilities, Analytical & Purification, Global Discovery Chemistry. Janssen-Cilag, S.A., E-45007 Toledo, Spain.

|July 26, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study compares batch photoreactors for reproducible light-mediated synthesis. It introduces parallel synthesis using batch and flow photoreactors for reliable high-throughput experimentation and library generation.

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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

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Area of Science:

Organic Synthesis and Medicinal Chemistry
Photochemistry and Reaction Engineering

Background:

Light-mediated reactions are crucial for organic synthesis and drug discovery, enabling novel chemical transformations.
Challenges in reproducibility and data robustness hinder the widespread adoption of light as an energy source in research.
Need for standardized and reliable platforms for light-mediated reactions, especially in high-throughput settings.

Purpose of the Study:

To conduct a head-to-head comparison of commercially available batch photoreactors.
To introduce and evaluate the use of batch and flow photoreactors in parallel synthesis.
To establish a reliable and consistent platform for light-mediated reactions in high-throughput mode.

Main Methods:

Comprehensive head-to-head comparison of various commercial batch photoreactor systems.
Implementation of parallel synthesis strategies utilizing both batch and flow photoreactor configurations.
Evaluation of platform performance for high-throughput experimentation and library synthesis.

Main Results:

Identification of specific batch photoreactor platforms that meet rigorous demands for efficiency and robustness.
Demonstration of successful parallel synthesis using combined batch and flow photoreactor setups.
Validation of platforms suitable for high-throughput experimentation screenings and library synthesis.

Conclusions:

Several commercially available batch photoreactors are suitable for reproducible light-mediated synthesis.
Parallel synthesis using batch and flow photoreactors offers a reliable platform for high-throughput applications.
The study provides a foundation for consistent and efficient light-mediated reaction optimization and library generation.