Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Lewis Symbols and the Octet Rule02:36

Lewis Symbols and the Octet Rule

63.5K
Chemical bonds are complex interactions between two or more atoms or ions, which reduce the potential energy of the molecule. Gilbert N. Lewis developed a model called the Lewis model that simplified the depiction of chemical bond formation and provided straightforward explanations for the chemical bonds seen in most common compounds.
63.5K
Quantum Numbers02:43

Quantum Numbers

34.6K
It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.
34.6K
VSEPR Theory and the Effect of Lone Pairs04:01

VSEPR Theory and the Effect of Lone Pairs

42.0K
Effect of Lone Pairs of Electrons on Molecule Geometry
42.0K
Hückel's Rule Diagram of π MOs: Frost Circle01:08

Hückel's Rule Diagram of π MOs: Frost Circle

4.4K
The Frost circle or the inscribed polygon method is a graphical method for determining the relative energies of π molecular orbitals (MOs) for planar, fully conjugated, and monocyclic compounds. This method was first described by A. A. Frost and Boris Musulin in 1953.
A Frost circle is constructed by drawing a polygon whose number of edges is equal to the number of carbons of the given cyclic system, with one of the vertices pointing down. Then, a circle is drawn enclosing the polygon so...
4.4K
The Aufbau Principle and Hund's Rule03:02

The Aufbau Principle and Hund's Rule

47.4K
To determine the electron configuration for any particular atom, we can build the structures in the order of atomic numbers. Beginning with hydrogen, and continuing across the periods of the periodic table, we add one proton at a time to the nucleus and one electron to the proper subshell until we have described the electron configurations of all the elements. This procedure is called the aufbau principle, from the German word aufbau (“to build up”). Each added electron occupies the...
47.4K
Leaving Groups02:14

Leaving Groups

7.5K
The nature of leaving groups strongly influences the outcome of a nucleophilic substitution reaction.
In general, in a nucleophilic substitution reaction, a nucleophile displaces a functional group, called the leaving group, from the substrate to give a substituted product. A leaving group departs the substrate molecule through heterolytic cleavage, taking the pair of electrons with it to become a relatively stable weak base in the form of an anion or a neutral molecule.  
In a...
7.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Knotty inflation and the dimensionality of spacetime.

The European physical journal. C, Particles and fields·2020
Same author

Ghostly beacons of new physics.

Scientific American·2013
Same author

Through neutrino eyes.

Scientific American·2010
Same author

Unitary parametrization of perturbations to tribimaximal neutrino mixing.

Physical review letters·2008
Same author

Pinning down the mechanism of neutrinoless double beta decay with measurements in different nuclei.

Physical review letters·2007
Same author

TeV gamma rays from photodisintegration and daughter deexcitation of cosmic-ray nuclei.

Physical review letters·2007
Same journal

Research on a Regional Availability Evaluation Model for Road-Area High-Entropy Energy Based on Synergy Factors.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Atmospheric Turbulence Channel Modeling and Performance Analysis of a CO-ZP-OFDM Coherent Optical Communication System for UAV Air-to-Ground Scenarios.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Information Geometry and Asymptotic Theory for SMML Estimators.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Correlation Entropy and Power-Law Kinetics.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Research on the Contagion of Systemic Financial Risk Under the Impact of Climate Risks-From the Perspective of Complex Networks and Machine Learning.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

The Statistical-Mechanical Meaning of the Wave Function of Quantum Mechanics.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2025

Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models
07:46

Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models

Published on: November 15, 2013

8.5K

Flipped Quartification: Product Group Unification with Leptoquarks.

James B Dent1, Thomas W Kephart2, Heinrich Päs3

  • 1Department of Physics, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77341, USA.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 26, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a "flipped" quartification model, an extension of the SU(3)4 model, featuring leptoquarks for new insights into neutrino mass generation and lepton-flavor non-universality.

Keywords:
beyond the standard modelearly Universeleptoquarksphenomenologyquantification modelsthermodynamics

More Related Videos

Facile Preparation of 4-Substituted Quinazoline Derivatives
11:51

Facile Preparation of 4-Substituted Quinazoline Derivatives

Published on: February 15, 2016

11.9K
How to Quantify the Fraction of Photoactivated Fluorescent Proteins in Bulk and in Live Cells
11:03

How to Quantify the Fraction of Photoactivated Fluorescent Proteins in Bulk and in Live Cells

Published on: January 7, 2019

6.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 19, 2025

Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models
07:46

Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models

Published on: November 15, 2013

8.5K
Facile Preparation of 4-Substituted Quinazoline Derivatives
11:51

Facile Preparation of 4-Substituted Quinazoline Derivatives

Published on: February 15, 2016

11.9K
How to Quantify the Fraction of Photoactivated Fluorescent Proteins in Bulk and in Live Cells
11:03

How to Quantify the Fraction of Photoactivated Fluorescent Proteins in Bulk and in Live Cells

Published on: January 7, 2019

6.6K

Area of Science:

  • Particle Physics
  • Grand Unification Theories

Background:

  • The standard model of particle physics requires extensions to explain phenomena like neutrino masses.
  • Existing models, such as the SU(3)3 bi-fundamentalfication model, provide frameworks for unification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and analyze an SU(3)4 extension, termed the quartification model.
  • To explore an alternative "flipped" version of the quartification model.
  • To investigate novel mechanisms for neutrino mass generation and lepton-flavor non-universality.

Main Methods:

  • Extension of the SU(3)3 bi-fundamentalfication model to SU(3)4.
  • Rearrangement of particle assignments to create a "flipped" quartification model.
  • Analysis of the particle content, including the presence of leptoquarks.

Main Results:

  • The quartification model is an SU(3)4 extension with a bi-fundamental fermion sector.
  • The "flipped" quartification model includes two standard families and one flipped family.
  • The flipped model uniquely features leptoquarks, enabling new explanations for neutrino masses and lepton-flavor non-universality.

Conclusions:

  • The flipped quartification model offers a novel approach to grand unification.
  • The presence of leptoquarks provides new avenues for understanding fundamental particle interactions.
  • This model has implications for future research in neutrino physics and beyond the Standard Model physics.