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Principles of Disease Surveillance

Principles of Disease Surveillance

Disease surveillance is the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. This process integrates data dissemination to entities responsible for preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. Surveillance systems provide crucial information for action, helping public health authorities make informed decisions to manage and prevent outbreaks, ensure public safety, optimize...

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Updated: Oct 28, 2025

A Trap-Vaccinate-Release Protocol for Immunization of Skunks and Additional Rabies Vectors Against Rabies

A Trap-Vaccinate-Release Protocol for Immunization of Skunks and Additional Rabies Vectors Against Rabies

Published on: November 29, 2024

Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2022.

Xiaoyue Ma¹, Cassandra Boutelle¹, Sarah Bonaparte¹

¹1Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Disease, CDC, Atlanta, GA.

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association

|July 26, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

In 2022, US animal rabies cases declined slightly, with most reported in wildlife like bats and raccoons. A gray fox rabies variant expanded geographically in the US, and Mexico reported three human deaths from vampire bat rabies.

Keywords:

confidence interval oral rabies vaccine postexposure prophylaxis rabies surveillance rabies virus variant

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Enhanced Rabies Surveillance Using a Direct Rapid Immunohistochemical Test

Enhanced Rabies Surveillance Using a Direct Rapid Immunohistochemical Test

Published on: April 30, 2019

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Last Updated: Oct 28, 2025

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Enhanced Rabies Surveillance Using a Direct Rapid Immunohistochemical Test

Enhanced Rabies Surveillance Using a Direct Rapid Immunohistochemical Test

Published on: April 30, 2019

Area of Science:

Veterinary epidemiology
Zoonotic disease surveillance
Public health microbiology

Background:

Rabies remains a significant global public health concern, necessitating ongoing surveillance.
Understanding the epidemiology of animal rabies is crucial for preventing human cases and guiding control strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

To present comprehensive epidemiological data on animal rabies distribution and occurrence in the United States, Canada, and Mexico during 2022.
To analyze temporal and geographic trends in reported animal rabies cases.

Main Methods:

Data on animal rabies cases in 2022 were collected from US state and territorial public health departments and USDA Wildlife Services via the US National Rabies Surveillance System.
Temporal and geographic analyses were performed to assess trends in animal rabies incidence.

Main Results:

A total of 3,579 animal rabies cases were reported across 54 US jurisdictions in 2022, a slight decrease from 2021.
Wildlife, particularly bats, raccoons, skunks, and foxes, accounted for over 90% of reported animal rabies cases.
Texas, Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, North Carolina, and California reported over 50% of US animal rabies cases. Three human rabies deaths occurred in Mexico due to vampire bat rabies.

Conclusions:

An increase in submitted animal samples for rabies testing was observed in the US and Canada.
Geographic expansion of the gray fox rabies virus variant was identified in the US.
Laboratory diagnosis of animal rabies is essential for appropriate human post-exposure prophylaxis decisions.