It's about time to exercise: development of the Exercise Participation Explained in Relation to Time (EXPERT) model

A perceived 'lack of time' is consistently the most commonly reported barrier to exercise. However, the term fails to capture the multifaceted nature of time-related factors. Recognising the need for a more comprehensive analysis of 'lack of time' as a barrier to exercise, the aim of this study was to develop the exercise participation explained in relation to time (EXPERT) model. The model was developed through a sequential process including (1) an umbrella literature review of time as a barrier, determinant, and correlate of physical activity; (2) a targeted review of existing temporal models; (3) drafting the model and refining it via discussions between eight authors; (4) a three-round Delphi process with eight panel members; and (5) consultations with seven experts and potential end-users. The final EXPERT model includes 31 factors within four categories: (1) temporal needs and preferences for exercise (ie, when and how long does an individual need/want to exercise), (2) temporal autonomy for exercise (ie, autonomy in scheduling free time for exercise), (3) temporal conditions for exercise (ie, available time for exercise) and (4) temporal dimensions of exercise (ie, use of time for exercise). Definitions, examples and possible survey questions are presented for each factor. The EXPERT model provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the multi-dimensional nature of 'time' as it relates to exercise participation. It moves beyond the simplistic notion of 'lack of time' and delves into the complexity of time allocation in the context of exercise. Empirical and cross-cultural validations of the model are warranted.