PPAR-γ/NF-kB/AQP3 axis in M2 macrophage orchestrates lung adenocarcinoma progression by upregulating IL-6

Aquaporin 3 (AQP3), which is mostly expressed in pulmonary epithelial cells, was linked to lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). However, the underlying functions and mechanisms of AQP3 in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of LUAD have not been elucidated. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was used to study the composition, lineage, and functional states of TME-infiltrating immune cells and discover AQP3-expressing subpopulations in five LUAD patients. Then the identifications of its function on TME were examined in vitro and in vivo. AQP3 was associated with TNM stages and lymph node metastasis of LUAD patients. We classified inter- and intra-tumor diversity of LUAD into twelve subpopulations using scRNA-seq analyses. The analysis showed AQP3 was mainly enriched in subpopulations of M2 macrophages. Importantly, mechanistic investigations indicated that AQP3 promoted M2 macrophage polarization by the PPAR-γ/NF-κB axis, which affected tumor growth and migration via modulating IL-6 production. Mixed subcutaneous transplanted tumor mice and Aqp3 knockout mice models were further utilized, and revealed that AQP3 played a critical role in mediating M2 macrophage polarization, modulating glucose metabolism in tumors, and regulating both upstream and downstream pathways. Overall, our study demonstrated that AQP3 could regulate the proliferation, migration, and glycometabolism of tumor cells by modulating M2 macrophages polarization through the PPAR-γ/NF-κB axis and IL-6/IL-6R signaling pathway, providing new insight into the early detection and potential therapeutic target of LUAD.