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Related Concept Videos

Laminar Flow01:27

Laminar Flow

1.0K
Laminar flow represents a smooth, orderly fluid motion where particles move along parallel paths, resulting in minimal mixing between layers. Streamlined particle paths characterize this flow regime and occur under conditions where viscous forces dominate over inertial forces. The distinction between laminar, transitional, and turbulent flow is primarily determined by the Reynolds number, a dimensionless quantity calculated as:
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Poiseuille's Law and Reynolds Number01:10

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Any fluid in a horizontal tube can flow due to pressure differences—fluid flows from high to low pressure. The flow rate (Q) is the ratio of pressure difference and resistance through a horizontal tube. The greater the pressure difference, the higher the flow rate. The flow resistance is expressed as:
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Laminar and Turbulent Flow01:07

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Fluid dynamics is the study of fluids in motion. Velocity vectors are often used to illustrate fluid motion in applications like meteorology. For example, wind—the fluid motion of air in the atmosphere—can be represented by vectors indicating the speed and direction of the wind at any given point on a map. Another method for representing fluid motion is a streamline. A streamline represents the path of a small volume of fluid as it flows. When the flow pattern changes with time, the...
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Plane Potential Flows01:23

Plane Potential Flows

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Plane potential flows simplify fluid motion by assuming the fluid to be irrotational and incompressible. These characteristics allow these flows to be described by a velocity potential function, ϕ, representing the flow speed in a given direction, and a stream function, ψ, that visualizes the flow path, both governed by Laplace's equation. These parameters help in estimating flow patterns, velocity distributions, and pressure fields around various hydraulic structures.
Uniform...
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Steady, Laminar Flow Between Parallel Plates01:17

Steady, Laminar Flow Between Parallel Plates

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Understanding steady, laminar flow between parallel plates is essential for analyzing and designing flow in narrow rectangular channels, commonly found in various water conveyance and drainage systems. The Navier-Stokes equations govern fluid motion and are generally challenging to solve due to their nonlinearity. However, simplifications are possible in certain cases, like the steady laminar flow between parallel plates. For this scenario, we assume steady, incompressible, laminar flow.
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The Hall Effect01:30

The Hall Effect

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Edwin H. Hall, in the year 1879, devised an experiment that could be used to identify the polarity of the predominant charge carriers in a conducting material. From a historical perspective, this experiment was the first to demonstrate that the charge carriers in most metals are negative.
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Updated: Jun 19, 2025

The Preparation of Electrohydrodynamic Bridges from Polar Dielectric Liquids
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Electrical properties determine the liquid flow direction in plasma-liquid interactions.

Calum T Ryan1,2,3, Anton A Darhuber4,5, Rudie P J Kunnen4,5

  • 1Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. c.t.ryan@tue.nl.

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Plasma-induced liquid flow direction can be controlled by adding salt ions to water. This finding is crucial for optimizing plasma-liquid interactions in various applications.

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Building Langmuir Probes and Emissive Probes for Plasma Potential Measurements in Low Pressure, Low Temperature Plasmas
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Area of Science:

  • Plasma Physics
  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Plasma-liquid interactions are vital for applications like surface treatment and chemical synthesis.
  • Understanding plasma-induced liquid flow is key to controlling species transport and reaction efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of electrical properties on plasma-induced liquid flow.
  • To determine how salt ions affect flow dynamics in plasma-liquid systems.
  • To explore the potential for controlling flow direction via solution conductivity.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized particle image velocimetry (PIV) to visualize liquid flow.
  • Employed pH, conductivity, and temperature measurements to characterize solutions.
  • Investigated an alternating current (AC) kilohertz (kHz) plasma jet interacting with water and electrolytes.

Main Results:

  • In low conductivity solutions, surface forces (shear stress, dimpling) drive upward flows.
  • In high conductivity solutions (electrolytes), electro-hydrodynamic forces dominate, causing downward flows.
  • Demonstrated that salt ion addition controls initial plasma-induced liquid flow direction.

Conclusions:

  • The direction of plasma-induced liquid flow is controllable by manipulating solution conductivity with salt ions.
  • Electrolytic and plasma-induced reactions can alter solution properties, leading to time-resolved flow direction switching in grounded systems.