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Related Concept Videos

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

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Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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A cell line is a population of cells grown in vitro that can be subcultured over several generations. Normal cells cease to divide after a certain number of cell divisions, a process known as replicative senescence. This number, called the Hayflick limit, was conceptualized by Leonard Hayflick in 1961 when he observed that fetal cells grown in culture could only divide 40-60 times. This limit is due to the shortening of the telomeres during each round of cell division, preventing cell division...
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Most vertebrate cells grow in vitro attached to a substrate as a monolayer, called adherent cultures. The flasks and plates used to grow cells are chemically treated to facilitate cell attachment. However, a few cell types, such as hematopoietic cells, can grow in a suspension. In contrast to adherent cultures, suspension cultures can grow in non-treated cultureware using magnetic stirrers or spinner flasks to agitate the culture media
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Synteny and Evolution02:31

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John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
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Embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells are excellent models for disease research because of their ability to self-renew and differentiate into most cell types. Somatic cells from a patient are isolated and reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs. These iPSCs are later differentiated into the desired cell type, which mirrors the diseased cell of the patient. In this way, disease models have been created for investigating diseases such as Down syndrome, type I diabetes,...
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Updated: Jun 19, 2025

Preparation of Primary Myogenic Precursor Cell/Myoblast Cultures from Basal Vertebrate Lineages
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Primary Cell Culture as a Model System for Evolutionary Molecular Physiology.

James M Harper1

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, Sam Houston State University, 1900 Avenue I, Huntsville, TX 77341, USA.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|July 27, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Primary cell cultures, including fibroblasts, enable studying species difficult to observe in their natural habitats. Advanced technologies like gene editing and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) will expand molecular evolutionary physiology research.

Keywords:
cell culturecomparative physiologyevolutionary physiologyfibroblasts

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Area of Science:

  • * Evolutionary Biology
  • * Physiology
  • * Cell Biology

Background:

  • * Primary cell culture offers a vital model for studying organismal physiology at the cellular level.
  • * Fibroblast cultures are widely used, alongside somatic and germ cells, for research.
  • * This approach is crucial for species challenging to study in natural environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To highlight the significance of primary cell cultures in molecular evolutionary physiology.
  • * To discuss the application of these models in understanding genome evolution, longevity, and life history.
  • * To explore the future potential of emerging technologies in the field.

Main Methods:

  • * Utilization of primary cell cultures (fibroblasts, somatic, and germ cells).
  • * Analysis of genome evolution and phylogenetic relationships.
  • * Investigation of molecular and biochemical bases of longevity and life history.

Main Results:

  • * Primary cell models have facilitated in-depth studies on genome evolution and species longevity.
  • * Research has elucidated the molecular underpinnings of differential aging across species.
  • * Physiological consequences of life history evolution have been explored.

Conclusions:

  • * Primary cell culture remains an indispensable tool for molecular evolutionary physiology.
  • * Gene editing and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are poised to drive future advancements.
  • * The field will continue to integrate descriptive and experimental approaches for broader insights.